I'm going to compile a list of quotes about somali's, oromo's, etc, from the perspective of European travelers

[Abba Sadacha]

''The chiefs of Shawa did everything they could to block the smuggling of weapons into Oromoland. They kept the missionaries, such as Massaj and Krapf, in Shawa for the same purpose. According to Vivian:
Until recently the Abyssinians have taken great pains to prevent them (Oromo) from arming themselves, knowing very well that if once these (brave nation) came to realise their own strength, they would not acquiesce in further servitude. But now a certain French Count, whose acquiesce I was privileged to make, has been entrusted with the task of drilling them, and reducing them to discipline. He is very sanguine about success, and I certainly agree with him that he could not possibly have any finer material to work upon.
The Oromo ''have been conquered, and are held in subjection by the help of firearms which their conquerors, the Shawans, take care they do not obtain, and by this device they are kept in a position of distinct inferiority and abject servitude. Herbert Vivian also asserted of the Oromos: ''If once they could obtain guns, even to a small extent, I believe they would soon make themselves masters of the empire.''
Modern weapons were a major factor for European colonization of Africa; here we have an African country awash with modern weapons and European advisors annexing fellow neighbors who had only traditional weapons and were thus easy victims.''

[Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation
By T. Etefa, Page 187-188]

 

[Mckenzie]

Peace and love to the Oromo aka Somali Abow, i always argued an East African Republic (like the Central African Republic) up to the Rift Valley encompassing Muslim territories would have been a better response to Imperialism than creating 4 countries in the Horn (Djibouti, Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia)

It would have stopped any fitna over land disputes among Muslims as there wouldn't be a foreign or partisan entity like Ethiopia taking sides to fuel instability and keep Muslims weak

 

[Woke1.4rm.Shibis]

Yep.

That's why they learn Af-Somali, stalk Somali websites and constantly try to tell us that they are not different to Somalis. All they want is Somali lands and once these infiltrators think they have enough numbers, they will pull out their machetes just as they do when they attack Somalis they neighbour.

If Oromos are really Muslim, they should respect our borders and get the hell out.

Sax .

I know there are some boran in gedo but are there actually oromos in bay and bakool? What are they called and where exactly do they live

They call themselfs just oromo but speak a little somali .

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[Abba Sadacha]

Interesting quote on the Oromo nation, written in 1896:
''Despite a perceptible strain of Negro blood, conspicuous especially towards the ethnical borderlands, both the Oromo's and their Somali cousins belong also fundamentally to the same eastern Hamitic branch of the Caucasic division.
Of all the Hamitic peoples, the Oromos, who call themselves Ilm'Orma, ''sons of the brave,'' are by far the most numerous, being estimated at from 7 to 8 million, spread over a territory of some 400,000 square miles, including the whole of southern Ethiopia, besides large tracts in Abyssinia/North Ethiopia, and most of the little known region which extends through the Lake Rudolf [Samburu] depression to and beyond the Tana River.
The typical Oromo's of Kaffa and surrounding uplands are perhaps the finest people in All of Africa: Tall, of shapely build, with high broad foreheads, well-formed mouths, Roman nose, oval face, coppery or light chocolate colour, black kinky hair, often worn in ''finger curls'' or short ringlets round the head-altogether noble representatives of the Caucasic family.
In general the features are quite European, and even the complexion is no darker in some districts than that of Andalusian peasantry.
The Somalis also, whose domain compromises nearly the whole of the eastern Horn of Africa, ''are a very handsome race, of good physique, with excellent features.''
[Ethnology
By Augustus Henry Keane
Page 387-388]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''Ethiopia had problems re-establishing their rule in the Somali region after the brief Italian occupation of Ethiopia. To end this, Haile Selassie made a high profile visit to the Ogaden region in 1956. In his often-quoted speech to a meeting of Somali notables in Qebre-dahar, he said:

Differences in language often create misunderstanding and can seriously affect the responsibilities that are being bestowed on you... Our police whom we have sent among you have come to assist you in keeping order and security... It is our desire that schools will not only impart education, but also will foster understanding and co-operation among the military, the police and the civilian population... Acquire the necessary education whereby you will be able to take over the various positions and responsibilities that await you in the Central Government Administration... Lack of knowledge of the national language will be a barrier. You will now have a good chance to learn to read and write in Amharic.
(cited in Geshekter 1985: 11)

[Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Ethiopia: A Comparative Regional Study
By Asnake Kefale, page 69.]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''For the Oromos in Wollo, Abyssinian domination and Christianity were synonymous. As Christianity was one of the pillars in Abyssinian unity, Islam became a major unifying for the Oromo in Wollo. From the beginning, Islam for the Oromo in Wollo was part of their cultural life and a mark of their independence. It was a powerful symbol of their identity as a people and a reliable fortress against Abyssinian nationalism. From the perspectives of this discussion, the Oromo played a crucial role in the spread and consolidation of Islam in and beyond Wollo.''

[In the Shadow of Conquest: Islam in Colonial Northeast Africa, pg 84]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''The Sudan-Ethiopia frontier had never been defined, and this shifting border had been the cause of a number of conflicts between Ethiopia and Egypt, the overlord of Sudan. Considering the 10 degree north latitude as the ''recognized'' southern frontier of Egypt, Britain claimed the territory to the west and south of the points between the intersection of 35 degree east longitude with 6 degree north latitude on the basis of the Anglo-Italian protocols of 1891. Such claims clashed with those of Menelik based on his 1891 declaration which claimed for Ethiopia all the Sudan territory in the Nile Valley between Khartoum in the north and the Nile-Sobat junction in the south. More specifically the Ethiopian claims included the province of Gedaref up to Karakojah, Benishunqil and the adjacent territories as far as the junction of the Sobat with the White Nile.

While the British ignored Ethiopia's claims until after the collapse of the Italian power at Adwa in 1896, during the Anglo-French competition for the Nile Valley, they hastened to conclude an agreement regarding the Sudan-Ethiopia border. However this settlement could not be achieved given the gap between the British and the Ethiopian positions. The British Government learny of Menelik's expansion into the claimed Anglo-Egyptian sphere in the Sudan from the Rodd Mission of 1897. To prevent further loss of territories to Ethiopia and to keep Menelik neutral in the expected Anglo-French confrontation on the Nile Valley there was clearly a need to make some generous concessions to Ethiopia. Realizing this Cromer advised the British government to ''allow a considerable extension of Abyssinian rule'' in the Nile Valley. This Salisbury rejected as it would have implied ''the possible admission of the claims of Menelik to occupy the west bank of the nile within the British sphere.'' However realizing that no agreement could be reached with Menelik without making territorial concessions, while no useful purpose would be served by starting negotiations before British control had been firmly established in the Sudan, the british government put off the matter until the reconquest of the Sudan.''

[Anglo-Ethiopian Relations, 1869 to 1906: A Study of British Policy in Ethiopia, pgs 126-128]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''I have heard several very different accounts given of the origin of the Gallas, or, as I would call them, the Ormas; but, whatever it may have been, it is certain that on their first appearance in Abyssinia they were a very wild and warlike people, who united under one head might have conquered not only Abyssinia, but the whole of Africa. After having occupied, however, the finest provinces of Abyssinia, they began to make war upon each other, which checked their further progress, and made it easy for the Abyssinians to subjugate one tribe after another. With their horsemen, notwithstanding their numbers, the Oromos found it difficult to conquer the mountainous highlands of Abyssinia (due to being used to fighting on flat, table-like lands.)

[Travels, Researches and Missionary Labours During an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa (Missionary Researches and Travels) 2 Revised Edition
by Rev. Dr. J. Ludwig Krapf, pg 72-74]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

Amin Tawfiq Al-Tayyibi – a university professor at Oxford says:

“The land that is now known as Ethiopia was known to the Arabs in pre-Islamic times only as Al-Habasha and from this Arabic word for the name of the area, the Europeans got their name for the area – Abyssinia. The Arabic name Al-Habasha comes from the tribe Habshat that entered the area from Yemen (Mahra Hadramout or Tihama Yemen) in the millennium before the birth of Christ "

"Some researchers believe that the origin of the Abyssinians (AlHabash) is from the western part of Yemen from the foot of the mountains. There is a mountain in Yemen called Mount ‘Hubaish’ . forming clear connection between the name of this mountain and the Habash (Abyssinians) who emigrated to Africa and gave their name to the land that adopted their name – Habshat or Al-Habasha. They also say that Ge’ez or Ge’ezan, as they are also called, are Cesani who Pliiny (23–79 AD) says are from an area near Aden. They are of southern Arab origin and they migrated to Abyssinia and established a kingdom there. The Abyssinian language – called Ge’ez or the language of the Ge’ez – was named after them.”

Doctor Ja’afar Abdu Salih Al-Dhafari – Dean of the first university of Yemen says:

"The Qudaa’a tribes set out – in their first emigration – from the hills of Habshat and Mount Habash and Mount Mahrat which form the highlands that were known as the hills of Habshat found in the land of Mahra. From there their clans spread to Mukha and Mouzi’ along the Red Sea. They set up their tents in that part of the southern Arabian Peninsula, but a part of them that settled in Tihama remained there for a while. Then they crossed the Red Sea – departing from Mouzi’ or a coastal town nearby – and they settle on the western bank of the Red Sea (“Africa”).”

In truth, the Abyssinians are not originally an African race at all. Their earliest traditions point to Southern Arabia as their original seat, and by a singular piece of good fortune, the German traveler, Edward Glaser, who has made four scientific journeys to Southern Arabia, hitherto never explored, has found there the indubitable evidences of the existence of the Abyssinian people in those districts before the days of Christ. In close connection with this is the other discovery that at that time there existed in Southern Arabia a mighty Sabaean Kingdom, and Prof, Sayce declares that on the basis of these finds the visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon in Jerusalem was, historically considered, “the most natural thing in the world.” Of this the Abyssinians have retained a very clear tradition. The present line of Kings claims to be descended from King Solomon by a son born to him by the Queen of Sheba, which son bore the same name. Menelik, as that in which the present ruler of Abyssinia glories. The royal house of Abyssinia can trace its lineage through a long list of generations without any break to Menelik, the son of Solomon. To doubt this descent of an Abyssinian King is equivalent to treason, and the literature on the subject is abundant.

The name Abyssinia (Habashat) is first found in Ancient Yemenite inscriptions; it is the name of a tribe or small ethnic group and about this not a single specialist has the slightest doubt.We know that this tribe or ethnic group represents the bulk of Yemenite waves across the Bab al Mandeb, i.e. the populations that several times throughout the first millennium BCE moved from Yemen to the Eastern African highlands, and established themselves around Axum.

They brought their own writing system from Yemen, the syllabogrammatic writing that they developed into what appears in Africa as Gueze. So close these scriptures are that modern scholars could not have deciphered Ancient Yemenite. The language is just one Southern Semitic language, closely related to the Himyarite, the Sabaean and other ancient Yemenite languages.

Abyssinian Axum is a late phenomenon in the History of Civilizations.
It is therefore sure that the Abyssinian state of Axum rises very late in the World History, about 100 years after Octavian Augustus invaded Egypt! This is very, very late for what History (which means written monuments) and Political History (historical sources with explicit references to the political matters and affairs) have been in the entire area of the Middle East, and more particularly in the neighboring lands of present day Sudan and Yemen.

It is essential to understand that the form of archaic state that seems to have been developed under Zoscales in Axum is the equivalent of structures like the Kerma state in Sudan (centered at the area of present day Kerma, 500 km in the south of Wadi Halfa) that rose to power in the first half of the second millennium BCE, some 2000 years before Axumite Abyssinia ultimately reached that level.

It is quite indicative that the early Axumite kingdom of Abyssinia at the beginning of the Christian era had not yet developed structures we find 800 years ago in Napata, the capital of the Kush (read as Oromo kingdom and get strong heart burns) kingdom that ruled Upper (southern) Egypt for more than half a century, and is the state the ancient Greeks called Ethiopia, the country of the Black faced people.

They themselves, by their very name, indicate how strong a feeling of their origin is still present with them. The name “Abyssinians” they utterly despise as a term, meaning in the Arabic, a mixed or mongrel people, which has been given by their enemies. They themselves adopt the historic name of “Ethiopians,” or, still better, the native name of “Geez”. The term, “Geez”, while originally meaning almost the same as the word “Hebrews” – those who crossed over-is generally employed in a later sense of “Freedmen.” By this term the people designate themselves, as did the “Franks” of the Middle Ages, as “a people of freedmen.”

The Axumite kings used to have their South Yemenite title as follows:

“King of the Ge’ez Ramhaz Zubaiman, King of Saba and Dhu Raidan and Hadramout and Its Nomads in Najaad and Tihama”.

ملك الجعزيين رمحز زبيمان ملك سبأ وذو ريدان وحضرموت وأعرابها في النجاد وفي تهام

Some selected notes:
Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 (Addis Ababa: 1972), p. 72
Axum (University Park: 1979), pp. 54-5
Salt, A Voyage to Abyssinia (Philadelphia, 1816), p. 358
Eduard Glaser: Die Abessinier in Arabien und Afrika. München 1895, S. 8 f.
Wilhelm Max Müller: Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern. Leipzig 1893, S. 116.

 

[Abba Sadacha]

2007, Ogaden, Ethiopia:

''Ethiopian Army officers were escorting Abay Tsehaye, a senior official in the Ethiopian ruling party, when they came under attack. Tsehaye and some senior officers escaped by a helicopter after the rebels had blocked all land routes. Government spokesperson, denying this claim, said: ''This is just a story created by the ONLF. I do not believe they have even killed one soldier.''

The rebels' claim could not be indepenednetly verified. Rebel statement said: ''This operation was a direct response to the burning of Caada village recently and the continuing abuses against the people of the Ogaden by govt forces in the Wardher area.''

[Encyclopaedia of terrorism in the world Vol.3
By Ved Prakash (Col.), pg 1580-1581]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''During the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, from about 1935 to 1941, the Oromo leaders of Wallaga and Illubabor initiated a movement for independence from Ethiopia, based on the premise that they had voluntarily joined in the 1880s and had not thereby forfeited any sovereign rights, and in 1936 petitioned the British government to secede and become a British protectorate. The attempt was unsuccessful, but Oromo nationalism remained at least as potent in this area as in Eastern Ethiopia. Many Oromo from Wallaga were active in the Macha-Tulama Self Help Association of the 1960s.''

[Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia, pg 320]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''The Somalis are a fighting race and all go armed with spear, shield and short sword (and guns when they can get them).
During the rains incessant inter-tribal looting's of cattle take place. Among certain tribes those who have killed a man have the right to wear an ostrich-feather in their hair. They are great talkers, keenly sensitive to ridicule, and quick-tempered.

Women hold a degraded position among the Somalis-(wives being often looted with sheep), doing most of the hard work.
The Somalis love display; they are inordinately vain and avaricious; but they make loyal and trustworthy soldiers and are generally bright and intelligent.

The Somalis have very little political or social cohesion, and are divided into a multiplicity of 'reers' or 'fakidas' (tribes, clans).
Three main divisions, however, have been clearly determined, and these are important both on political grounds.

1) The 'Hashiya' (Abud's Asha), with two great subdivisions.
'Daroda,' with the powerful Mijertins, War-Sangeli, Dolbohanti and others; and Ishak, including the Gadibursi, Issa (Aissa), Habr-Wal, Habr-Tol, Habr-Yuni, Babibli, Bertiri.
All these claim descent from a member of the Hashim branch of the Quraish, who founded a powerful state in the Zeila district. All are Sunnis, and, although still speaking their Somali national tongue, betray a long infusion of Arab blood in their oval face, somewhat light skinned, and remarkably regular features.
Their domain comprises the whole of British Somaliland, and probably most of Italian Somaliland.

2) The Hawiya, with numerous sub-groups, such as the Habr-Jalet, Habr-Gader, Rer-Dollol, Daji, Karanle, Badbadan, Kunli, Bajimal and Ugass-Elmi; mostly fanatical Mohammedans forming the powerful Tarika sect, whose influence is felt throughout all the central and eastern parts of Somaliland.
The Hawiya domain compromises the Ogaden plateau and the region generally between the Nogal and Webi-Shabelle Rivers.
Here contact has been chiefly with the Eastern Oromo tribes.

3) The Rahanwin, with numerous but little known sub-groups, including, however, the powerful and warlike Abgals, Barawas, Gobrons, Tuni, Jidus, and Kalallas, occupy in part the region between the Webi-Shabelle and Juba, but chiefly the territory extending from the Juba to the Tana, where they have long been in contact, mostly hostile, with the Wa-Pokomo and other Bantu peoples of the British East Africa Protectorate.
Of all the Somali the Rahanwin betray the largest infusion of Negroid blood.

Of the outcast races the best known are the Midgan, Yebir, and Tomal. The Midgan, who are of slightly shorter stature than the average Somali, are the most numerous of these peoples. They are great hunters and use small poisoned arrows to bring down their game. The Yebir are noted for their leather work, and the Tomal are the blacksmiths of the Somali.

Prehistoric remains.-The discovery of flint implements of the same types as those found in Egypt, Mauritania, and Europe show Somaliland to have been inhabited by man in the Stone age. That the country was subsequently occupied by a more highly civilized people than the Somali of to-day is evidenced by the ruins which are found in various districts.
Many of these ruins are attributable to the Arabs, but older remains are traditionally ascribed to a people who were ''before the Oromos.''
Blocks of dressed stone overgrown by grass lie in regular formation; a series of parallel revetment walls on hills commanding passes exist, as do relics of ancient water-tanks.
This ancient civilization is supposed to have been swept away by Mohammedan conquerors; before that event the people, in the opinion of several travellers, professed a degraded form of Christianity, which they had acquired from their Abyssinian neighbors.
Of more recent origin are the ruins known as ''Taalla Galla'' (Galla graves). These are cairns of piled stones, each stone about the size of a mans head. The cairns are from 12 to 15 ft. high and about 8 years in diameter. Each is circular with a central depression.''

[The Encyclopaedia Britannica : a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information / [Hugh Chisholm, editor
1866-1924, Page 380].

 

[convincation]

3) The Rahanwin, with numerous but little known sub-groups, including, however, the powerful and warlike Abgals

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''The Somali, a Hamitic race, descend from Arab immigrants into the area from the 7th century on, following the Arab conquests of Zeila and Harar. The name first appears in an Abyssinian song of the 15th century as ''Sumale.'' The main Muslim Arab invasion began during the 13th century, spreading over the Horn of Africa and absorbing the Oromo inhabitants. The Portuguese occupied part of the area briefly in the 16th century and, by the end of the 19th century , the Imam of Oman, from Zanzibar, controlled the whole coast from Mogadishu to Mozambique. British sea captains made anchorage and trading agreements in 1827 and 1840. Turkish troops occupied the coast and Harar from 1874 to 1882. In 1888, a British protectorate was proclaimed over the area which became British Somaliland; in 1889 and 1892, Italy leased the Benadir coast ports of Southern Somalia from the sultan of Zanzibar and bought them in 1905. From 1900 to 1920, Muhammad Abdallah Hassan fought the British. Italy occupied British Somaliland in 1940-1941. From 1941 to 1948, Britain exercised military control over both British and Italian Somaliland. After independence, government policy was occupied with the extreme underdevelopment of the country which is one of the poorest in Africa. The issue of Somalis living outside the Republic, which was included in the 1960 constitution, caused difficulties between Somalia and Ethiopia and Kenya.''

[Constitution of Nations: Volume 1, Africa, pages 720-722]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''Almost all groups in the Horn of Africa with a political ambition have always recognized the decisive nature of Oromo politics in shifting the balance of force in one direction or another.
The new Somali state of the 1960s was one of them. The eminent Somali politician, Omer Arter Ghaleb, once addressed the Somali Parliament at the height of the Macha-Tulama movement advising that Somalia create a common cause with Oromos.
He was Somalia's Ambassador to Ethiopia at the time. He reported that this was turned down because it was perceived to be in the long run contrary to Somalia's ambition to lay claims to all the Oromo inhabited areas East of the Rift Valley.''

[Oromo Nationalism and the Ethiopian Discourse
Book by Asafa Jalata, Pages 144-145

 

[Abba Sadacha]

'On page 316 of his ''World's Peoples'' Keane thus refers to the great Somali and Oromo nations, whom he classifies under the Caucasic or White division:

Both are of a fine Caucasic type, often with classic profiles, though very variable, owing both to Arab and Negro grafts on the original Hamitic stock.

He says the Oromos, the most numerous of the Hamites, who are intellectual and moral, are generally dark in color and their hair is generally long and kinky. On page 318 of the same book, he thus refers to the Masai, whom he classifies under the Caucasic or white division:

During their flourishing period, the Masai, who are a remarkable blend of Hamitic and Negroid characters, were a terror to all surrounding Bantu populations.

But not only is the so called African Negro and Caucasic Hamites of mixed race to-day, but have been so from time immemorial.

On pages 70 and 71 of his ''World's Peoples,'' Keane says:

''It is still commonly supposed that the whole of the dark continent is the proper domain of the negro race, that all of its inhabitants are Negroes, and in fact that African, Negro, black and even Ethiopian are all equivalent terms. Such is far from being the case, and 2,400 years ago, herodotus was already aware that Africa, as known by him, was occupied, besides Greeks and Phoenician intruders, by two distinct indigenous peoples-Libyans (our Hamites) in the north, and Ethiopians (our Negroes or blacks) in the south.
The statement still holds good, and, as shown in the general survey, the Negroes, with whom alone we are here concerned, range from south of the Sahara to the cape.
A line drawn from the mouth of the Senegal through Timbuktu eastward to the Nile and blue Nile confluence at Khartoum, then southward to the equator and along the equator again eastwards to the Indian Ocean, will roughly indicate the ethnical divide between the northern Libyans and the southern Ethiopians of Herodotus.''

[The African abroad, or, His evolution in western civilization ..., Volume 1
By William Henry Ferris, pages 502-503]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''Historically, the chief rivals of the Amhara have been the Tigrayans, whose capital is at Adwa.
The Tigrayans speak a dialect of Ge'ez, a primitive Semitic language introduced from South Arabia in prehistoric times.
The language is maintained in its archaic form by the Abyssinian Church, and it is spoken in what is said to be a fairly pure form by the Hababs, who live on the Red Sea shore north of Massawa.
The typical Abyssinians are the people of Amhara. They are a tall race, with a long narrow head, an oval face, a high forehead, a thin and often aquiline nose, bright oval eyes, a pointed chin, a well-formed mouth, with thick and sometimes pouting lips, long frizzly or silky hair, and small hands, feet, and limbs.
The color varies from light yellow to dark brown. The race is typically Semitic; but the occasional occurrence of a flattened nose, Negro lips and a jet-black skin shows that the Amharans are not free from Negro inter-mixture.
The Amharans are intelligent, and have bright, animated faces; the main fault of the people is that they are quarrelsome and inordinately vain. Some tame lions are kept loose in the court of the Negus as a symbol of the power of the king.''

[The living races of mankind
Book by H. N. Hutchinson, Originally published in 1900; pages 374-376]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''The Somalis are a fighting race and all go armed with spear, shield and short sword (and guns when they can get them).
During the rains incessant inter-tribal looting's of cattle take place. Among certain tribes those who have killed a man have the right to wear an ostrich-feather in their hair. They are great talkers, keenly sensitive to ridicule, and quick-tempered.

Women hold a degraded position among the Somalis-(wives being often looted with sheep), doing most of the hard work.
The Somalis love display; they are inordinately vain and avaricious; but they make loyal and trustworthy soldiers and are generally bright and intelligent.

The Somalis have very little political or social cohesion, and are divided into a multiplicity of 'reers' or 'fakidas' (tribes, clans).
Three main divisions, however, have been clearly determined, and these are important both on political grounds.

1) The 'Hashiya' (Abud's Asha), with two great subdivisions.
'Daroda,' with the powerful Mijertins, War-Sangeli, Dolbohanti and others; and Ishak, including the Gadibursi, Issa (Aissa), Habr-Wal, Habr-Tol, Habr-Yuni, Babibli, Bertiri.
All these claim descent from a member of the Hashim branch of the Quraish, who founded a powerful state in the Zeila district. All are Sunnis, and, although still speaking their Somali national tongue, betray a long infusion of Arab blood in their oval face, somewhat light skinned, and remarkably regular features.
Their domain comprises the whole of British Somaliland, and probably most of Italian Somaliland.

2) The Hawiya, with numerous sub-groups, such as the Habr-Jalet, Habr-Gader, Rer-Dollol, Daji, Karanle, Badbadan, Kunli, Bajimal and Ugass-Elmi; mostly fanatical Mohammedans forming the powerful Tarika sect, whose influence is felt throughout all the central and eastern parts of Somaliland.
The Hawiya domain compromises the Ogaden plateau and the region generally between the Nogal and Webi-Shabelle Rivers.
Here contact has been chiefly with the Eastern Oromo tribes.

3) The Rahanwin, with numerous but little known sub-groups, including, however, the powerful and warlike Abgals, Barawas, Gobrons, Tuni, Jidus, and Kalallas, occupy in part the region between the Webi-Shabelle and Juba, but chiefly the territory extending from the Juba to the Tana, where they have long been in contact, mostly hostile, with the Wa-Pokomo and other Bantu peoples of the British East Africa Protectorate.
Of all the Somali the Rahanwin betray the largest infusion of Negroid blood.

Of the outcast races the best known are the Midgan, Yebir, and Tomal. The Midgan, who are of slightly shorter stature than the average Somali, are the most numerous of these peoples. They are great hunters and use small poisoned arrows to bring down their game. The Yebir are noted for their leather work, and the Tomal are the blacksmiths of the Somali.

Prehistoric remains.-The discovery of flint implements of the same types as those found in Egypt, Mauritania, and Europe show Somaliland to have been inhabited by man in the Stone age. That the country was subsequently occupied by a more highly civilized people than the Somali of to-day is evidenced by the ruins which are found in various districts.
Many of these ruins are attributable to the Arabs, but older remains are traditionally ascribed to a people who were ''before the Oromos.''
Blocks of dressed stone overgrown by grass lie in regular formation; a series of parallel revetment walls on hills commanding passes exist, as do relics of ancient water-tanks.
This ancient civilization is supposed to have been swept away by Mohammedan conquerors; before that event the people, in the opinion of several travellers, professed a degraded form of Christianity, which they had acquired from their Abyssinian neighbors.
Of more recent origin are the ruins known as ''Taalla Galla'' (Galla graves). These are cairns of piled stones, each stone about the size of a mans head. The cairns are from 12 to 15 ft. high and about 8 years in diameter. Each is circular with a central depression.''

[The Encyclopaedia Britannica : a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information / [Hugh Chisholm, editor
1866-1924, Page 380]

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''The savage Oromos, on the one hand, and the warlike Tigrayans, on the other, have at length succeeded in rifling this people (Amharas) of their former supremacy. The name, Amhara, although it is more particularly appropriated to a single district, is generally employed to designate all that extent of territory, in which the Amharic language is spoken, and which the celebrated prince, Gugsa, consolidated into an independent state, and subjugated to his control.
From the year 1814 until a recent date, he held almost undisputed sway over this province; and, during that time, the emperor was confined a prisoner at Gondar. But the wheel of Providence was rapidly revolving. Gugsa himself, the powerful chieftain of all that wide-spreading region west of the Tekeze, was soon to experience a reverse of fortune. Continually employed in harassing warfare with the Ras of Tigray, perpetually struggling to gain the ascendancy over him, and to attach his territories to his own, he determined to increase his power, by allying himself with the ferocious Oromos; an event which prepared the way for the ruin of his country.''

[Journal of Three Years' Residence in Abyssinia
By Samuel Gobat, Robert Baird
Pages 44-45

 

[Abba Sadacha]

''The Yaaku were the earliest group of Eastern Cushites to come to Kenya. The Yaaku (also called the Mokokoda) began to move south about a 1,000 years ago. After the Yaaku, other Cushitic groups such as the Somali and the Oromo came from Southern Ethiopia. When the Somali arrived from the north, the Bantu peoples were trying to expand from the southwest, but the Somalis defeated them.
In the 16th century the Oromo pushed the Somali out of the area. It is thought that the Somali split into three smaller groups at the time. One of the groups moved north and inland. This group perhaps became the Rendille, the Gabbra, and the Sakuye peoples. The Rendille continued to speak the Somali Cushite language, while the other two peoples adopted the Oromo language. Today some clans of the Rendille say that they were originally Somali, and some use Somali brands on their camels.''

[Rendille
By Ronald G. Parris, page 14]