There is nothing advanced or developed about adopting a husband's name. As for claiming inheritance, a woman can easily produce her nikaax papers and bring along witnesses to court, including HIS children, if she had any with him.
A father and brothers will always have a role in a woman's life, if they choose to do so. Marriage is not slavery or adoption, you have a very scary view of marriage and women in general.
Having a last name is viewed differently in different societies. In developed societies, if the woman doesn't include her husband's last name in her last name, she is constantly asked to provide proof that she was married to her husband. So imagine wherever she goes, she is asked to show her marriage certificate. It is crazy.
This is why in such societies, courts and how last name are used are quite different than how we use it. For a man to divorce his wife or for the wife to do the same, it has to be done through a court. A judge would adjudicate it, and once the divorce is agreed, the resources would be divided. The woman will take from this point her father's last name again since she is no longer tied to her previous husband until she marries again.
In developed societies, knowing your family tree has no relevance. Egypt and Turkey, which are two Muslim-majority countries, you hardly find people knowing their family tree or clans and subclans with the exception of a few minorities.
This is where the concept of last name and which one woman has based on her marriage status matters. Whether one agrees with it or not, it is irrelevant. It is how it is done in developed societies - developed I mean societies where family courts are in control of marriages.
In our society, we have no courts which are in control of marriages. No one documents the woman's right in the nikaah. The sheikh may issue a paper, but that is it. She can't take it to a court and say my husband didn't pay me my mehr. It is up to the man if he wants to pay it or not.
We have no system that enforces alimony. Even in most of the country, there is no child support enforced on the ex-husband. And we don't have a way of dividing the family's resources between the husband and the wife. Heck, no one enforces the 3-months required for a man to alimony or aka "cudhaadh". He divorces it and that is it, they're done. We're very primitive in this regard.