The purest Khoisan are 9% Cushitic [New Study]

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Apollo

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Southern Africa is consistently placed as one of the potential regions for the evolution of Homo sapiens. To examine the region's human prehistory prior to the arrival of migrants from East and West Africa or Eurasia in the last 1,700 years, we generated and analyzed genome sequence data from seven ancient individuals from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Three Stone Age hunter-gatherers date to ~2,000 years ago, and we show that they were related to current-day southern San groups such as the Karretjie People. Four Iron Age farmers (300-500 years old) have genetic signatures similar to present day Bantu-speakers. The genome sequence (13x coverage) of a juvenile boy from Ballito Bay, who lived ~2,000 years ago, demonstrates that southern African Stone Age hunter-gatherers were not impacted by recent admixture; however, we estimate that all modern-day Khoekhoe and San groups have been influenced by 9-22% genetic admixture from East African/Eurasian pastoralist groups arriving >1,000 years ago, including the Ju|'hoansi San, previously thought to have very low levels of admixture. Using traditional and new approaches, we estimate the population divergence time between the Ballito Bay boy and other groups to beyond 260,000 years ago. These estimates dramatically increases the deepest divergence amongst modern humans, coincide with the onset of the Middle Stone Age in sub-Saharan Africa, and coincide with anatomical developments of archaic humans into modern humans as represented in the local fossil record. Cumulatively, cross-disciplinary records increasingly point to southern Africa as a potential (not necessarily exclusive) 'hot spot' for the evolution of our species.

http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/06/05/145409

Ju|'hoansi San = purest known modern San group.

They compared them to 2,000 year old remains of dead Khoisan and found they were 9% Cushitic admixed in comparison. Also, an important discovery is that it pushes back when the proto-Khoisan diverged from the rest of humanity to 260,000 years go.

We Wuz South African before the Bantu.
 
Don't the neighboring ethnic groups (who would have to be Khoekhoe) have their livestock graze the land? Why didn't the San become pastoralist as well?
 

Apollo

VIP
San as in Sandawe from East Africa?

No, those Chinese looking niggas in the Kalahari. The original natives of South Africa.

Don't the neighboring ethnic groups (who would have to be Khoekhoe) have their livestock graze the land? Why didn't the San become pastoralist as well?

I have no idea. Perhaps it was just all random and some reverted back to hunter-gatherer lifestyles.
 
That's because they bred with Oromos and Habeshas about 3000 years ago in Southern/South Western Ethiopia and then migrated down the east african coast to South Africa and Namibia.
 

Apollo

VIP
TFW Cushites controlled the whole of East Africa and now we're struggling to hold onto Somalia.:snoop:

The Cushite-like pastoralists who expanded into Southern Africa didn't have the right crops. Pastoralists generally have smaller population sizes.

Bantus took over Southern Africa as they did have the right crops and agricultural techniques.
 
That's because they bred with Oromos and Habeshas about 3000 years ago in Southern/South Western Ethiopia and then migrated down the east african coast to South Africa and Namibia.
The southern cushites were from a protocushite group and had no connection to habeshas. Let's not make shit up. They were also believed to be either Oromo or sidama. But today many southern cushites and cultural influence claim either Oromo or Amhara when the later didn't fully form by then.
 
The southern cushites were from a protocushite group and had no connection to habeshas. Let's not make shit up. They were also believed to be either Oromo or sidama. But today many southern cushites and cultural influence claim either Oromo or Amhara when the later didn't fully form by then.
From a previous post of mine.



The Khoisan are found to have some Eurasian DNA, so intermarriages to other ethnic groups have happened. But this is where it gets interesting. Scientists propose a wave of Eurasian DNA travelled into Africa about 3000 years ago. This is the map they used to show the route it took to get into the DNA of the Khoisan.
image-jpg.14076

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24988-humanitys-forgotten-return-to-africa-revealed-in-dna/

Now this further support my hypothesize, because 3000 years ago is the time that Somalis are believed to have split off from other Cushites like the Oromo and Amhara.

My theory was that the other non-Somali Cushites travelled into Southern Ethiopia and further South, mixing with the local populations that then included the Khoisan. This is where the Khoisan got the Eurasian DNA and where the other Cushites got some of the Khoisan DNA.
image-jpeg.14077

Now you can't lie that these to maps line up perfectly, therefore even further supporting my hypothesis. And in this map the Somali people are untouched by Khoisan DNA, meaning we did not travel into Southern Ethiopia with the other Cushites but most likely instead into the Somali Peninsula were we remained homogeneous.


Now you might wonder how the Eurasian sian DNA ending up in Khoisans and the other Cushites ending up in Southern Ethiopia is related. Well scientists believe the E-M78 subclade originated in Northeastern Africa, around Egypt. As we carry this marker we know our ancestors once migrated there then back into the Somali Peninsula and the Horn.
When the Cushites were traveling southwards from Egypt around 3000 years ago we carried pretty recent Eurasian Admixture. On the journey the Somali split off and the other Cushites ended up in Southern Ethiopia where we know they got Khoisan DNA. This is alsowhere the Khoisan got the small amount of Westeurasian DNA that scientists discovered in 2014.
And the amount of Khoisan DNA in East Africans can be seen here
image-jpeg.14078

As you can see Cushites with Khoisan DNA in them include the Amhara, Oromo, Ethiopian Jew, South Semitic Ethiopian and just plain Ethiopian. (Note that the Somali is completely absent.)



And to your claim the Khoisan aren't haplogroup A, they most definitely are as you can see from the map I posted and from this tidbit.
[16][17][18] since confirmed that the Khoisan carry some of the most divergent (oldest) Y-chromosome haplogroups. These haplogroups are specific sub-groups of haplogroups A and B, the two earliest branches on the human Y-chromosome tree.

Here is a part from the article detailing the discovery of Eurasian DNA in the Khoisan.
Archaeological and linguistic studies of the region can make sense of the discovery. They suggest that a subset of the Khoisan, known as the Khoe-Kwadi speakers, arrived in southern Africa from east Africa around 2200 years ago. Khoe-Kwadi speakers were – and remain – pastoralists who make their living from herding cows and sheep. The suggestion is that they introduced herding to a region that was otherwise dominated by hunter-gatherers.

Khoe-Kwadi tribes
Reich and his team found that the proportion of Eurasian DNA was highest in Khoe-Kwadi tribes, who have up to 14 per cent of western Eurasian ancestry. What is more, when they looked at the east African tribes from which the Khoe-Kwadi descended, they found a much stronger proportion of Eurasian DNA – up to 50 per cent.
[This is incredibly obviously the Cushites of Ethiopia.]

That result confirms a 2012 study by Luca Pagani of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Hinxton, UK, which found non-African genes in people living in Ethiopia. Both the 2012 study and this week’s new results show that the Eurasian genes made their way into east African genomes around 3000 years ago. About a millennium later, the ancestors of the Khoe-Kwadi headed south, carrying a weaker signal of the Eurasian DNA into southern Africa.

The cultural implications are complex and potentially uncomfortably close to European colonial themes. “I actually am not sure there’s any population that doesn’t have west Eurasian [DNA],” says Reich.

These populations were always thought to be pristine hunter-gatherers who had not interacted with anyone for millennia,” says Reich’s collaborator, linguist Brigitte Pakendorf of the University of Lyon in France. “Well, no. Just like the rest of the world, Africa had population movements too. There was simply no writing, no Romans or Greeks to document it
Here is a comparison of all maps
image-jpeg.14077
image-jpg.14076
Note Ethiopia being the area where other Cushites mixed with other populations and note that the Khoisan live in Southern Ethiopia.
BE950FD1-5643-4A09-A924-ABE3D443007F-202-0000001F4245937B_tmp.png

And at last the hypothesized migration route of E1b1b
03082624-0244-4B3A-82CC-A0DA909038E5-3167-0000021D50BE452B_tmp.png


It all matches up perfectly, supporting my claim.

E1b1b is strong among the Somali and NA Berber because these are homogeneous populations. It is weaker in non-Somali Cushitic land and also present in Southern Africa. As the non-Somali Cushites mixed out, their level of E1b1b dropped as they became less heterogeneous and picked up other lineages while the Khoisan picked up some of theirs, the E1b1b.
 
From a previous post of mine.



The Khoisan are found to have some Eurasian DNA, so intermarriages to other ethnic groups have happened. But this is where it gets interesting. Scientists propose a wave of Eurasian DNA travelled into Africa about 3000 years ago. This is the map they used to show the route it took to get into the DNA of the Khoisan.
image-jpg.14076

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24988-humanitys-forgotten-return-to-africa-revealed-in-dna/

Now this further support my hypothesize, because 3000 years ago is the time that Somalis are believed to have split off from other Cushites like the Oromo and Amhara.

My theory was that the other non-Somali Cushites travelled into Southern Ethiopia and further South, mixing with the local populations that then included the Khoisan. This is where the Khoisan got the Eurasian DNA and where the other Cushites got some of the Khoisan DNA.
image-jpeg.14077

Now you can't lie that these to maps line up perfectly, therefore even further supporting my hypothesis. And in this map the Somali people are untouched by Khoisan DNA, meaning we did not travel into Southern Ethiopia with the other Cushites but most likely instead into the Somali Peninsula were we remained homogeneous.


Now you might wonder how the Eurasian sian DNA ending up in Khoisans and the other Cushites ending up in Southern Ethiopia is related. Well scientists believe the E-M78 subclade originated in Northeastern Africa, around Egypt. As we carry this marker we know our ancestors once migrated there then back into the Somali Peninsula and the Horn.
When the Cushites were traveling southwards from Egypt around 3000 years ago we carried pretty recent Eurasian Admixture. On the journey the Somali split off and the other Cushites ended up in Southern Ethiopia where we know they got Khoisan DNA. This is alsowhere the Khoisan got the small amount of Westeurasian DNA that scientists discovered in 2014.
And the amount of Khoisan DNA in East Africans can be seen here
image-jpeg.14078

As you can see Cushites with Khoisan DNA in them include the Amhara, Oromo, Ethiopian Jew, South Semitic Ethiopian and just plain Ethiopian. (Note that the Somali is completely absent.)



And to your claim the Khoisan aren't haplogroup A, they most definitely are as you can see from the map I posted and from this tidbit.


Here is a part from the article detailing the discovery of Eurasian DNA in the Khoisan.
Archaeological and linguistic studies of the region can make sense of the discovery. They suggest that a subset of the Khoisan, known as the Khoe-Kwadi speakers, arrived in southern Africa from east Africa around 2200 years ago. Khoe-Kwadi speakers were – and remain – pastoralists who make their living from herding cows and sheep. The suggestion is that they introduced herding to a region that was otherwise dominated by hunter-gatherers.

Khoe-Kwadi tribes
Reich and his team found that the proportion of Eurasian DNA was highest in Khoe-Kwadi tribes, who have up to 14 per cent of western Eurasian ancestry. What is more, when they looked at the east African tribes from which the Khoe-Kwadi descended, they found a much stronger proportion of Eurasian DNA – up to 50 per cent.
[This is incredibly obviously the Cushites of Ethiopia.]

That result confirms a 2012 study by Luca Pagani of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Hinxton, UK, which found non-African genes in people living in Ethiopia. Both the 2012 study and this week’s new results show that the Eurasian genes made their way into east African genomes around 3000 years ago. About a millennium later, the ancestors of the Khoe-Kwadi headed south, carrying a weaker signal of the Eurasian DNA into southern Africa.

The cultural implications are complex and potentially uncomfortably close to European colonial themes. “I actually am not sure there’s any population that doesn’t have west Eurasian [DNA],” says Reich.

These populations were always thought to be pristine hunter-gatherers who had not interacted with anyone for millennia,” says Reich’s collaborator, linguist Brigitte Pakendorf of the University of Lyon in France. “Well, no. Just like the rest of the world, Africa had population movements too. There was simply no writing, no Romans or Greeks to document it
Here is a comparison of all maps
image-jpeg.14077
image-jpg.14076
Note Ethiopia being the area where other Cushites mixed with other populations and note that the Khoisan live in Southern Ethiopia.
image-png.14080

E1b1b is strong among the Somali and NA Berber because these are homogeneous populations. It is weaker in non-Somali Cushitic land and also present in Southern Africa. As the non-Somali Cushites mixed out, their level of E1b1b dropped as they became less heterogeneous and picked up other lineages while the Khoisan picked up some of theirs, the E1b1b.
Cushites originate in Ethiopia proper so there was no migration into Ethiopia. Those maps show that the peoples of Ethiopia have anceient lineages where southern cushites or protocushites migrated out of Ethiopia and into Southern Africa. But there was no back migration as you are trying to push. E1B1B also originated in Ethiopia but at a much later date than haplogroup A. Haplogroup A migrated into Southern Africa at an unspecified time frame as it could have been newer waves of mixed cushites from the Great Lakes area. The reason why the San have Euroasian DNA can be explained by the fact the Eurasian DNA has been in the Horn for over 10k years but maybe also from the European settlers themselves.
 
Cushites originate in Ethiopia proper so there was no migration into Ethiopia. Those maps show that the peoples of Ethiopia have anceient lineages where southern cushites or protocushites migrated out of Ethiopia and into Southern Africa. But there was no back migration as you are trying to push. E1B1B also originated in Ethiopia but at a much later date than haplogroup A. Haplogroup A migrated into Southern Africa at an unspecified time frame as it could have been newer waves of mixed cushites from the Great Lakes area. The reason why the San have Euroasian DNA can be explained by the fact the Eurasian DNA has been in the Horn for over 10k years but maybe also from the European settlers themselves.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitic_languages

I agree with the Prince of Hobyo, and have posted much the same material myself. The Cushites come from the Sahara and spent an extended period in and around the Nile valley. They migrated up the Nile to the Lake Turkana area before entering both Ethiopia and Somalia from the south.

"A number of extinct populations are thought to have spoken Afro-Asiatic languages of the Cushitic branch. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the peoples of the Kerma Culture in present-day southern Egypt and northern Sudan spoke Cushitic languages.[8][9] The Nilo-Saharan Nobiin language today contains a number of key pastoralism related loanwords that are of proto-Highland East Cushitic origin, including the terms for sheep/goatskin, hen/cock, livestock enclosure, butter and milk. This in turn suggests that the Kerma population — which, along with the C-Group culture, inhabited the Nile Valley immediately before the arrival of the first Nubian speakers — spoke Afro-Asiatic languages.[8]

Additionally, historiolinguistics indicate that the makers of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (Stone Bowl Culture) in the Great Lakes area likely spoke South Cushitic languages.[10] Christopher Ehret (1998) proposes that among these idioms were the now extinct Tale and Bisha languages, which were identified on the basis of loanwords.[11]"
 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushitic_languages

I agree with the Prince of Hobyo, and have posted much the same material myself. The Cushites come from the Sahara and spent an extended period in and around the Nile valley. They migrated up the Nile to the Lake Turkana area before entering both Ethiopia and Somalia from the south.

"A number of extinct populations are thought to have spoken Afro-Asiatic languages of the Cushitic branch. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the peoples of the Kerma Culture in present-day southern Egypt and northern Sudan spoke Cushitic languages.[8][9] The Nilo-Saharan Nobiin language today contains a number of key pastoralism related loanwords that are of proto-Highland East Cushitic origin, including the terms for sheep/goatskin, hen/cock, livestock enclosure, butter and milk. This in turn suggests that the Kerma population — which, along with the C-Group culture, inhabited the Nile Valley immediately before the arrival of the first Nubian speakers — spoke Afro-Asiatic languages.[8]

Additionally, historiolinguistics indicate that the makers of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (Stone Bowl Culture) in the Great Lakes area likely spoke South Cushitic languages.[10] Christopher Ehret (1998) proposes that among these idioms were the now extinct Tale and Bisha languages, which were identified on the basis of loanwords.[11]"
You can push your propaganda on the Somalis but not on Ethiopians. It's clearly evident that the homeland of the cushtic and related languages is in present day Ethiopia. As Ethiopia has the most numerous languages in both the Afroasiatic family and the cushtic branch. The kerma culture is based in present day Eritrea and stretches to Egypt. It is also not the oldest cushtic culture.

I know you want to give justice to minorities and such but that should not include falsifying history with pseudo science and fairytales.
 
You can push your propaganda on the Somalis but not on Ethiopians. It's clearly evident that the homeland of the cushtic and related languages is in present day Ethiopia. As Ethiopia has the most numerous languages in both the Afroasiatic family and the cushtic branch. The kerma culture is based in present day Eritrea and stretches to Egypt. It is also not the oldest cushtic culture.

I know you want to give justice to minorities and such but that should not include falsifying history with pseudo science and fairytales.

I agree emphatically about falsifying history. Check this:

https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/HIST101-2.3.1-KushAxum-FINAL1.pdf

"The Kerma Culture was an early civilization centered in Kerma, Sudan. It flourished from around 2500 BCE to 1500 BCE in ancient Nubia, located in Upper Egypt and northern Sudan.[1] The polity seems to have been one of a number of Nile Valley states during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. In the Kingdom of Kerma's latest phase, lasting from about 1700–1500 BCE, it absorbed the Sudanese kingdom of Sai and became a sizable, populous empire rivaling Egypt. Around 1500 BCE, it was absorbed into the New Kingdom of Egypt, but rebellions continued for centuries. By the eleventh century BCE, the more-Egyptianized Kingdom of Kush emerged, possibly from Kerma, and regained the region's independence from Egypt.

Craniometric analysis of Kerma fossils compared with various other early populations inhabiting the Nile Valley and Maghreb found that they were morphologically close to Predynastic Egyptians from Naqada (4000–3200 BC). The Kermans were also more distantly related to Dynastic Egyptians from Gizeh (323 BC–330 AD) and Predynastic Egyptian samples from Badari (4400–4000 BC), followed by the ancient Garamantes of Libya (900 BC-500 AD) and early osteological series from Algeria (1500 BC), Carthage in Tunisia (751 BC–435 AD), Soleb in Nubia (1575–1380 BC), and Ptolemaic dynasty-era samples from Alexandria in Egypt (323 BC–330 AD).["

https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/HIST101-2.3.1-KushAxum-FINAL1.pdf

The Kushites ruled Egypt for fifty seven years, and this period is considered one of the last
golden ages of Egyptian civilization. This Egyptian Renaissance reached its peak under the
reign of Taharqa , who built great monuments around Egypt and Kush, even building
Egyptian style pyramids in Kush. Taharqa’s rule, however, was challenged by the Assyrian
king Sennacherib.
Taharqa was able to save his Jewish allies in Jerusalem from destruction
by Sennacherib’s armies, but he was not able to stop an Assyrian invasion of Egypt.
The Assyrians forced Taharqa to flee back to Kush, and by 656 BC the Kushites had been driven
from Egypt.
...Still, the Kingdom of Kush continued to thrive, reestablishing trade contacts with the
rulers of Egypt, though the capital of Kush moved south again, from Napata to the city of
Meroë. As new, foreign powers occupied Egypt, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, and
Romans, the Kushites maintained close relations with them.
The Kingdom of Kush began its final decline during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus, whose armies invaded and weakened the kingdom. However, though the Kushites were accustomed to looking north for enemies, the final power that destroyed the kingdom came instead from the south. Nomads from the desert attacked the kingdom, and finally, in the fourth century AD, Meroë
was captured by the Axumite Kingdom."
_________________________________________________________________________
Today, the center of Cushitic languages may be in Ethiopia, but previously it was on the plains surrounding the Nile in the Sudan. Those people left the Sudan, probably in waves, as a series of invaders enveloped them, coming always from the north. They followed the river south to the Lake Turkana area, at the head of the Nile tributaries. Several archaeological sites in this area are attributed to the Southeastern Cushites. the most significant of which seem to be Namoratunga and it's association with the Cushitic calendar. The Cushites moved from here both north and south. The Southern Cushites are now in Tanzania.

Here is the Cushitic:
Cushitic

Cushitic (45)

 
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