Evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa

[Grant]

http://www.pnas.org/content/105/31/10693.full

"E3b1-M35*(former) was found at relatively high frequencies in southern African click-speaking populations (31% and 11% in the Kxoe and !Kung, respectively) (8). All of these individuals now exhibit the M293 mutation (present study). With the exception of one haplotype found in the Kxoe sample, the southern African M293+ Y-chromosomes all carry the derived M293(DYS389I-10) allele (Fig. 1). Three Sandawe and two Kxoe share an identical M293(DYS389I-10) Y-STR haplotype. Most !Kung individuals have Y-chromosomes that appear to derive from this central haplotype (see Fig. 1). One !Kung individual shares a Y-STR haplotype with Hadza and Datog individuals. These Tanzanian and Khoe-San individuals with identical Y-STR haplotypes across 10 loci are likely to have very recent common ancestry. Using analytical methods developed in Walsh (26), we can estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of two individuals who share identical haplotypes across 10 loci. Assuming an infinite alleles model and an average Y-STR mutation rate from Zhivotovsky et al. (18), the mean TMRCA is 1,800y (95% credible region 40–6,680 y). Assuming a binary stepwise STR model, the mean TMRCA of two identical 10 locus haplotypes is 2,065 y. The median estimate under a binary stepwise model is 1,200 y (95% credible region 40–5,070 y). The mean and median estimates are somewhat different due to the exponential shape of the TMRCA curve"

"Our Y-chromosomal evidence supports a demic diffusion model of pastoralism from eastern to southern Africa ≈2,000 years ago."

You can see from the maps that the E3b1- M293 mutation once covered all of Somalia. The Khoe (part of the Khoisan) arrived in southern Africa, with sheep and goats and some cattle, about 2000 years ago. The San had arrived in southern Africa (not South Africa) about 4000 years earlier. The nexus for this group was once in Tanzania, but it extended through the drier areas all the way to the Red Sea. They were the dominant human race for roughly 200,000 years.The Bantu expansion, arriving in South Africa AD 300-500, drove them further south and to the drier margins. Today they number only about 100,000.

The Hadza and Sandawe of Tanzania and the Eyle of Somalia are relict "bushman" populations, neither Khoi nor San, that got left behind when the pastoralist Khoe moved south. All of these groups are still known for the hunter/gatherer aspects of their culture.

Where do you suppose the Khoe (Also spelled Khoikhoi ) got their animals and pastoralist culture? Why do you suppose they were moving south when they got hit with the Bantu Expansion?

 

[Grant]

"Dr. Joseph Pickrell has updated his preprint, The genetic prehistory of southern Africa, with some more material on the Sandawe."

"Finally, now there are these confirmations of massive genetic turnover on the fringes of East Africa, from Ethiopia, down to the south in Tanzania."

"One issue which now comes to mind for me is the nature of the people of Punt, a mysterious land, perhaps in modern day Somalia, which traded with antique Egypt. From the depictions in Egyptian wall art they do not seem to exhibit a conventional Sub-Saharan African appearance, despite their likely African location. And ancient Egyptians clearly were familiar with people of Sub-Saharan African appearance, as Nubians appear early on in their wall wart. But these results from ROLLOFF and Pagani et al.’s inference as to time of admixture give us a possible explanation: the people of Punt were outriders of Southwest Asian expansion into East Africa, and they exhibited an unadmixed appearance because admixture had not yet been extensive. Ultimate we’re taking para-history here. The people of Ethiopia were on the fringes of Egypt and the Near East, but at far enough of a remove that we are not treated to any literary documents which attest to the process of ethnogenesis."

"This does not even touch upon the Bantu expansion, which seems to have occurred after the first intrusion of West Eurasians into the East African landscape. It is notable that the Sandawe as an amalgam of Khoisan and West Eurasian, while their Bantu neighbors presumably have less of both of these elements. When the pyramids were rising in Egypt all of this had not occurred."

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/ ... 0mrg74hE0s

 

[Grant]

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24988-humanitys-forgotten-return-to-africa-revealed-in-dna/
Humanity’s forgotten return to Africa revealed in DNA

"Archaeological and linguistic studies of the region can make sense of the discovery. They suggest that a subset of the Khoisan, known as the Khoe-Kwadi speakers, arrived in southern Africa from east Africa around 2200 years ago. Khoe-Kwadi speakers were – and remain – pastoralists who make their living from herding cows and sheep. The suggestion is that they introduced herding to a region that was otherwise dominated by hunter-gatherers.

Khoe-Kwadi tribes
Reich and his team found that the proportion of Eurasian DNA was highest in Khoe-Kwadi tribes, who have up to 14 per cent of western Eurasian ancestry. What is more, when they looked at the east African tribes from which the Khoe-Kwadi descended, they found a much stronger proportion of Eurasian DNA – up to 50 per cent.

That result confirms a 2012 study by Luca Pagani of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Hinxton, UK, which found non-African genes in people living in Ethiopia. Both the 2012 study and this week’s new results show that the Eurasian genes made their way into east African genomes around 3000 years ago. About a millennium later, the ancestors of the Khoe-Kwadi headed south, carrying a weaker signal of the Eurasian DNA into southern Africa."

Check the map- the migration went right through the Horn and the dates encompass the reign of Hatshepsut.

 

[Grant]

 

[Grant]

http://beeshadireed.blogspot.com/2010_09_05_archive.html
"The Somalis form a subgroup of the Omo-Tana called Sam. Having split from the main stream of Cushite peoples about the first half of the first millennium B.C., the proto-Sam appear to have spread to the grazing plains of northern Kenya, where protoSam communities seem to have followed the Tana River and to have reached the Indian Ocean coast well before the first century A.D. On the coast, the proto-Sam splintered further; one group (the Boni) remained on the Lamu Archipelago, and the other moved northward to populate southern Somalia. There the group's members eventually developed a mixed economy based on farming and animal husbandry, a mode of life still common in southern Somalia. Members of the proto-Sam who came to occupy the Somali Peninsula were known as the so-called Samaale, or Somaal, a clear reference to the mythical father figure of the main Somali clan-families, whose name gave rise to the term Somali.
The Samaale again moved farther north in search of water and pasturelands. They swept into the vast Ogaden (Ogaadeen) plains, reaching the southern shore of the Red Sea by the first century A.D. German scholar Bernd Heine, who wrote in the 1970s on early Somali history, observed that the Samaale had occupied the entire Horn of Africa by approximately 100 A.D."

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9181-z?view=classic
"The legend of Bu‘ur Ba‘ayr (Mohamed Hanif) and suspected pre-Islamic practices are deeply linked with the site of Aw-Barkhadle, including the Hill of Bu‘ur Ba‘ayr. Informants suggest that 850 years ago, an Arabian sheikh, Sharif Yusuf Al-Kawnayn—Saint Aw-Barkhadle—came to the area once known as Dogor but now named after him (Mire forthcoming). According to the oral history, Aw-Barkhadle has been a centre of Muslim pilgrimage since the twelfth century and is part of a medieval ruined town. Aw-Barkhadle is a 30-minute drive from Hargeysa, the capital of Somaliland, and the tomb of this saint has since become the most important pilgrimage centre in Somali territory (Figs. 4 and 5). The ideological and political significance of African shrines has been demonstrated by Dawson (2009), although there is no mention of shrines from the Horn of Africa in Dawson’s volume. However, I have found that Aw-Barkhadle has similar political significance. Local people at Aw-Barkhadle attribute the conversion of Somalis to Islam, to the defeat by duel of the previous religious leader, Bu‘ur Ba‘ayr, by the Muslim newcomer Aw-Barkhadle. The Saint showed the religious superiority of his beliefs in contrast to the local beliefs of Bu‘ur Ba‘ayr’s followers, whom the former won over in great number."

Bu'ur Ba'ayr was Yibir, and apparently controlled much of the North. Samaale control of the North only began during the time of Aw Barkhadle, which would be 12th or 13th century AD. The Midgan and Madhibaan claim not to have been conquered until the same period.

http://lasgeel.com/
The Laas Geel cave paintings date five to 11 thousand years ago and are part of a complex that includes parts of Ethiopia and Arabia. Their creators were hunter/gatherers as well as cattle herders. We don't have the dna, but they were most likely Bushmanoid.

Hatshepsut's expedition to Puntland was in 1493 BC, 3,500 years ago. This is a painting from her tomb, of sailors on a ship that went to Punt. Note the difference in skin color and the fact that Egyptians knew what sub Saharan Africans looked like.

Now here's the royal couple of Punt:

Even if only based on color, I think we have to assume we are looking here at something altogether different. Then there's the steatopygia on Queen Ati. A Euroasian/Bushmanoid mix leading to the Khoikhoi pastoralists seems just about right.

The people of Punt were not Samaale.

 

[Morphius]

@Grant Somalis aren't from the south. All migration have been North > South

The earliest migration of Somalis and Somalia actually becoming Somali was most likely from Ethiopia not Omo/Tana i.e. Northern Kenya.

 

[Apollo]

This migration hasn't changed the ancestry of Southern Africans much.

Only some KhoeKhoe / Nama in Namibia have this ancestry, they only number 200,000.

The common Southern African like a Zulu doesn't have this pastoral ancestry from the Horn.

 

[Grant]

@Grant Somalis aren't from the south. All migration have been North > South

The earliest migration of Somalis and Somalia actually becoming Somali was most likely from Ethiopia not Omo/Tana i.e. Northern Kenya.

This article agrees with you about the Ethiopian connection, but disagrees concerning the direction of migration.
http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/som..._their_origins_migrations_and_settlement.html

I think the migration was on a broad front with wave after wave of immigrant groups. It probably included both the highlands and the plains to the south. The Omo/Tana settled the South in Somalia, but have largely been pushed back into Kenya.

We know the Hawiye followed the Shabelli out of the southern Ogaden by about 1100 AD. And it seems likely the Reewin followed the Juba out of the highlands, probably earlier My personal theory is that the Samaales are part of a general exodus of herding peoples who left the Sahara region as it dried up. They would have to have crossed the Nile and then either the highlands or the plains to the south. The early migration would have been east/southeast. Clearly, they arrived in the South before they arrived in the North. The Yibir still controlled the North until the time of Aw Barkhadle in the 12th-13th century. This seems to correspond with the periods of Shaykhs Isaaq and Darood , the formation of many of the northern clans, and the conversion to Islam. It is also when the Midgan and Madhibaan say they were subjugated. We are talking about a period of Samaale control approximating 800 years to the present.

 

[Gilgamesh]

Interesting stuff Grant keep em coming

 

[Morphius]

This seems to correspond with the periods of Shaykhs Isaaq and Darood , the formation of many of the northern clans, and the conversion to Islam. It is also when the Midgan and Madhibaan say they were subjugated. We are talking about a period of Samaale control approximating 800 years to the present.

I am aware of this Samaale dominance since most Sultanates started 800 years ago. Warsangali Ajuraan Bartire kingdom etc even Ifat sultanate started in the 13th century

I Think Darood came earlier than the 1200s though because I can count my lineage 36 generations to Darood. 38 to Jeberti. 36 generations puts Darood in the 10th century. 38 puts Jeberti in the 9th century.

How can Darood come later that the first Warsangali Sultan?

 

[AceofSom]

As usual @Grant posting garabge trying to discredit our history whilsr making bantus seem like they owned somalia. You have already been refuted with your sinister agenda. Leave somali history to the somalis.

 

[Canuck]

I am aware of this Samaale dominance since most Sultanates started 800 years ago. Warsangali Ajuraan Bartire kingdom etc even Ifat sultanate started in the 13th century

I Think Darood came earlier than the 1200s though because I can count my lineage 36 generations to Darood. 38 to Jeberti. 36 generations puts Darood in the 10th century. 38 puts Jeberti in the 9th century.

How can Darood come later that the first Warsangali Sultan?

Do not fall to his lies, the man is mixing truth & lies. He is well known on trolling Somalis in all forums.

 

[Grant]

https://search.yahoo.com/yhs/search...2=rs-bottom,p:s,v:w,m:at-s&fr=yhs-mozilla-002

This is a photo of Sarah Bartmann, who was Khoikhoi and who was exhibited in Europe as the "Hottentot Venus" in the 19th century. Compare to modern photos of the Khoisan. To me, she looks a whole lot more like Queen Ati than any Cushite or ancient Egyptian I ever saw. Just saying.

 

[Apollo]

This is a photo of Sarah Bartmann, who was Khoikhoi and who was exhibited in Europe as the "Hottentot Venus" in the 19th century. Compare to modern photos of the Khoisan. To me, she looks a whole lot more like Queen Ati than any Cushite or ancient Egyptian I ever saw. Just saying.

That is not a Cushitic trait. They get those behinds from the indigenous Khoisan genes. The San have it as well and more frequently than the Nama and they (San) are 0% Horner.

 

[Zak Jingo]

http://beeshadireed.blogspot.com/2010_09_05_archive.html
"The Somalis form a subgroup of the Omo-Tana called Sam. Having split from the main stream of Cushite peoples about the first half of the first millennium B.C., the proto-Sam appear to have spread to the grazing plains of northern Kenya, where protoSam communities seem to have followed the Tana River and to have reached the Indian Ocean coast well before the first century A.D. On the coast, the proto-Sam splintered further; one group (the Boni) remained on the Lamu Archipelago, and the other moved northward to populate southern Somalia. There the group's members eventually developed a mixed economy based on farming and animal husbandry, a mode of life still common in southern Somalia. Members of the proto-Sam who came to occupy the Somali Peninsula were known as the so-called Samaale, or Somaal, a clear reference to the mythical father figure of the main Somali clan-families, whose name gave rise to the term Somali.
The Samaale again moved farther north in search of water and pasturelands. They swept into the vast Ogaden (Ogaadeen) plains, reaching the southern shore of the Red Sea by the first century A.D. German scholar Bernd Heine, who wrote in the 1970s on early Somali history, observed that the Samaale had occupied the entire Horn of Africa by approximately 100 A.D."

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-015-9181-z?view=classic
"The legend of Bu‘ur Ba‘ayr (Mohamed Hanif) and suspected pre-Islamic practices are deeply linked with the site of Aw-Barkhadle, including the Hill of Bu‘ur Ba‘ayr. Informants suggest that 850 years ago, an Arabian sheikh, Sharif Yusuf Al-Kawnayn—Saint Aw-Barkhadle—came to the area once known as Dogor but now named after him (Mire forthcoming). According to the oral history, Aw-Barkhadle has been a centre of Muslim pilgrimage since the twelfth century and is part of a medieval ruined town. Aw-Barkhadle is a 30-minute drive from Hargeysa, the capital of Somaliland, and the tomb of this saint has since become the most important pilgrimage centre in Somali territory (Figs. 4 and 5). The ideological and political significance of African shrines has been demonstrated by Dawson (2009), although there is no mention of shrines from the Horn of Africa in Dawson’s volume. However, I have found that Aw-Barkhadle has similar political significance. Local people at Aw-Barkhadle attribute the conversion of Somalis to Islam, to the defeat by duel of the previous religious leader, Bu‘ur Ba‘ayr, by the Muslim newcomer Aw-Barkhadle. The Saint showed the religious superiority of his beliefs in contrast to the local beliefs of Bu‘ur Ba‘ayr’s followers, whom the former won over in great number."

Bu'ur Ba'ayr was Yibir, and apparently controlled much of the North. Samaale control of the North only began during the time of Aw Barkhadle, which would be 12th or 13th century AD. The Midgan and Madhibaan claim not to have been conquered until the same period.

http://lasgeel.com/
The Laas Geel cave paintings date five to 11 thousand years ago and are part of a complex that includes parts of Ethiopia and Arabia. Their creators were hunter/gatherers as well as cattle herders. We don't have the dna, but they were most likely Bushmanoid.

Hatshepsut's expedition to Puntland was in 1493 BC, 3,500 years ago. This is a painting from her tomb, of sailors on a ship that went to Punt. Note the difference in skin color and the fact that Egyptians knew what sub Saharan Africans looked like.

Now here's the royal couple of Punt:

Even if only based on color, I think we have to assume we are looking here at something altogether different. Then there's the steatopygia on Queen Ati. A Euroasian/Bushmanoid mix leading to the Khoikhoi pastoralists seems just about right.

The people of Punt were not Samaale.

The Ancient-Egyptians named themselves "Rageedii": "The perfect men" in their language and the Somali People use still now this name "Rageedii" with the same ancient-egyptian meaning "The perfect men". For example in somali language : " U dadaal sidii Rageedii"= Make efforts as Rageedii ,the perfect men.

Here, Some historical and linguistic proofs :
The Famous French Egyptologist Christiane D.Noblecourt , in her book "Hatshepsout ,the Mysterious Queen" detailed the expedition of Queen Hatshepsut to the Land of Punt and she said that the Ancient-Egyptians and The Puntites used to speak and communicate with the same language./

« Again the representations of the early Puntites, or Somali people, on the Egyptian monuments, show striking resemblances to the Egyptians themselves. » By Brian Brown New York: Brentano's[1923]/
In “The Making of Egypt” (1939). Petrie states that the Land of Punt was “sacred to the Egyptians as the source of their race"/
"The King Sahure (2458-2446 B.C.) from this Egyptian Old Kingdom, Dynasty V (2498-2491 B.C.) made a trade expedition to the Land of Punt . Egyptian ships also reached the shores of the land of Punt on the Somali coast to procure highly valued cargoes of myrrh, ebony and animals, among other goods. " Text Reference: The UNESCO General History of Africa: Ancient Civilization of Africa, Vol, II, General History of Africa, G. Mokhtar, 1990, p 64-68 . /

"The Egyptians sometimes called Punt land Ta-Netjeru, meaning "Land of the Gods," and considered it their place of origin ." (Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands:1997) /
The greek historian Diodorus of Siculus in his book "Universal history "said that in 6th century before-J-Christ , because of a political crisis in Egypt and the euro-asiatic's infiltrations in Egypt , more than 200 thousands of Ancient-egyptians migrated in the south of the Nile By crossing Ethiopia-Nubia with their boats ,in the direction of North-Eastern of Africa (Now, Sudan, Somalia ,Djibouti,Ethiopia ...)

This last historical fact can explain why the somali language is a survived ancient-egyptian language ,according to the british linguist : "The language of ancient Egypt belonged to the Hamitic group; Surviving Hamitic languages are spoken across a large part of North Africa and include Somali." (The english language ,A Historical Introduction," by Charles Barber,british linguist .)
All the symbolical ancient-egyptian names : "Horakhty, Aton, Horus, Isis, Nebhet ,Hâpy etc... " were preserved in Somali language and still now , the somali people use these names with their original egyptian-puntite pronounciation . For example : "Oraxthy" means" the sun" in Somali as the ancient-egyptians. "AAR" means "lion" in ancient-egyptian and also in somali . There is a huge somali-egyptian linguistic and historical and cultural proofs . Thanks for reading and sharing !

Short Egyptian-Puntite Research made by Abdisalam Mahamoud ,Master II degree of Philosophy :History of Civilisations and Religions.
sajokal5@yahoo.fr
13/05/2012 in France .

 

[Canuck]

https://search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrTccaVgGFX2KIAPTQnnIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTE3dGVyNGMzBGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMyBHZ0aWQDQjIzNDFfMQRzZWMDcmVsLWJvdA--?p=real+pics+of+sarah+baartman&ei=UTF-8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-002&fr2=rs-bottom,p:s,v:w,m:at-s&fr=yhs-mozilla-002

This is a photo of Sarah Bartmann, who was Khoikhoi and who was exhibited in Europe as the "Hottentot Venus" in the 19th century. Compare to modern photos of the Khoisan. To me, she looks a whole lot more like Queen Ati than any Cushite or ancient Egyptian I ever saw. Just saying.

They look like these

 

[Canuck]

Hobey means 'Cultural festival' in Ancient Egyptian and also Somali Puntite languages .

 

[Canuck]

Ammin means 'Time 'in Somali and the Ancient Egyptians used to write it like this also , as they were the cousins of Somali-Puntites who founded Egypt . 'Ameen means also the night in Somali pharaonic language , the egyptologists translated this word as the 'hidden god' , we can not see something at the night .

 

[Canuck]

Get your scepter still made by the Somali Traditional Craftsmen !

 

[Canuck]