@TekNiKo
There are two meanings of
hijab. There is a classical usage and modern usage of the term. In the classical usage, the word
hijab means barrier, partition, or curtain to cause separation (Qabeelat Hosna 2009, 53). The word
hijab comes up seven times in the Qurβan and implies this meaning. For example, Allah Says in the Qurβan [meaning of which is]:
βAnd it is not for any human being that Allah should speak to him except by revelation or from behind a hijab [partition] or that He sends a messenger to reveal, by His permission, what He willsβ [Qurβan 42:51].
Similarly, Allah Says regarding the people of paradise and the people of hellfire on the Day of Judgement [meaning of which is]:
βAnd between them will be a hijab [partition]β [Qurβan 7:46]
According to Dr. Yasir Qadhi, βThis classical usage was restricted to the wives of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)β (Qabeelat Hosna 2009, 53). This form of
hijab is only mentioned in reference to the wives of the Prophet (pbuh). The other verses speaking about Muslim women covering in general do not mention the word
hijab.
Hence, this is why Allah says in Surah Ahzab regarding the wives of the Prophet (pbuh) [meaning of which is]:
βAnd when you ask [his wives] for something, ask them from behind a hijabβ [Qurβan 33:53].
In this verse, it literally means a curtain. The wives of the Prophet (pbuh) had to speak from behind a physical curtain. Their level of
hijab was a degree higher than that required by other Muslim women. This is why in the Battle of the Camel, Aisha was in a tent on the camel and was not seen.
In modern usage, the word
hijab means headscarf. It seems there is some confusion today in which some people came to believe that since
hijab in the Qurβan is only in reference to the Prophetβs wives, it is not mandatory for the rest of the Muslim women but was restricted to the Prophetβs wives. This is because they erroneously think that
hijab in the Qurβan in reference to the Prophetβs wives carries the same meaning as it does today [i.e. headscarf]. However, this is a mistake because the type of
hijabmentioned for the Prophetβs wives was a literal curtain as mentioned above and in no way referring to the headscarf.
Allah Says in the Qurβan [meaning of which is]:
βAnd tell the believing women to reduce [some] of their vision and guard their private parts and not expose their adornment except that which [necessarily] appears thereof and to wrap [a portion of] their khumur [headscarves] over their chests and not expose their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbandsβ fathers, their sons, their husbandsβ sons, their brothers, their brothersβ sons, their sistersβ sons, their women, that which their right hands possess, or those male attendants having no physical desire, or children who are not yet aware of the private aspects of women.β [Qurβan 24:31].
One of the meanings of
khimar that was popularly understood during the Prophetβs (pbuh) time was a turban. In other words, men used to refer to their turbans as
khimar because they cover their heads. For example, it is well known in Islamic law that during the act of purification (
wudu), it is permissible to wipe over your socks and turban. In the following hadith, one of the companions defines this action of the Prophet (pbuh) by describing his turban using the word
khimar,
βI saw the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) wiping over the khimar [turban] and leather socksβ (An-Nasaβi 2007). Another hadith says,
βThe Messenger of Allah wiped over his leather socks and his khimar [turban]β (Ibn Majah 2007).
βAlso a manβs turban; because a man covers his head with it in like manner as a woman covers her head with her
khimar when he disposes it in the Arab manner, he turns [a part of] it under the jaws [nearly in the same manner in which a woman disposes her
khimar]β (Lane 1863, 809).
Therefore, all of the above shows that the word
khimar used in the verse mentioned above is referring to a womanβs headscarf. In other words, Allah is saying in this verse to tell the women to take a portion of their
khimar and use it to cover the upper chest area [neck, chest, bosom] in addition to their heads and ears. Aisha said,
βWhen [the verse]: βThey should draw their khimar over their chestsβ was revealed, (the ladies) cut their waist sheets [worn as a lower garment] at the edges and covered [themselves] with itβ (Bukhari 1997). Ibn Hajar said in Fath Al-Bari, the most authoritative text in mainstream Islam explaining the hadiths compiled by Al-Bukhari:
βMeaning of βthey coveredβ is that they [the women] covered their faces. The description of this is that the woman places the
khimar [headscarf] over her head and then throws the right side of it over her left shoulder so that it [all completely] covers. Al-Faraaβ said: βIn the pre-Islamic days, the women used to let hang down their
khimar behind their backs and reveal that which is in the front [neck, chest, bosom], so they were commanded to conceal [their frontal area]. The
khimar for the woman is like the turban for the manββ (Hajar 1986).
In addition, there are a number of hadiths in which the word
khimar is mentioned in a way that proves that women used to wear headscarves outside their homes because they understood it to be obligatory. For example, Aisha reported an incident which took place with her brother:
βHe seated me behind him on his camel. I lifted my khimar [from my head] and took it off from my neck. He struck my foot as if he was striking the camel. I said to him: Do you see anyone [else here]?β (Muslim 2007).
Further, it is reported in another hadith that,
βUmm Sulaim went out wrapping her khimar hurriedly until she met Allahβs Messengerβ (Muslim 2007). She was not one of his wives yet when she left her house, she quickly put on her
khimar to go and meet with Allahβs Messenger (pbuh). Similarly, when the mother of Abu Hurairah accepted Islam, it is reported that when he knocked on the door,
βshe took a bath and put on her shirt and quickly [put on] her khimar and [then] opened the doorβ (Muslim 2007). She opened the door only after putting on her headscarf. Thus, all of the above shows that women used to consider their headscarves (
khimar) as mandatory.
Critics of the
khimar argue that it was just a cultural practice among Arab women during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and is not intended for all times and places. Regarding the previously mentioned verse on
khimar, they say that the βverseβ¦instructs how to wear an existing traditional garment. It doesnβt impose a new oneβ (Nomani & Arafa 2015). They also claim that covering of the head during that time was a common practice among people of many faiths and cultures, thus, it has nothing to do with religiosity.
While it is true that women did traditionally cover their heads as pointed out earlier, they were still instructed to wear it in a specific manner which was outside of their tradition. They used to throw it behind their backs without covering the front so Allah commanded them to bring a portion of it to the front to cover themselves. Further, Allah is very clear in the verse as to which males can a woman display her charms in front of. This is again outside of their tradition. It is imposing a new way to cover their chests in addition to their heads. This is why Aisha was so surprised to find the women from the Ansar abiding by the new command so quickly.