somali city states vs Axum war

[madaxweyne]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axum_Sesea_war

The Axum Sesea war was fought in the 3rd century between the kingdom of Axum and the Sesea Confederacy. The Axumites were led by Sembrouthes, and the seseans were led by tyrannnidas or chieftans


According to Cosmas Indicopleustes, an ancient inscription known as Monumentum Adulitanum from the 3d century inscribed in the 27th year of a king of Axum, perhaps named Sembrouthes, boasting of his victories.The inscription recounts that the king had fought the Seseans and subdued them after engaging them on a high ground.[2][3] Munro-Hay suggested that Sembrouthes was the ruler who erected the anonymous Monumentum Adulitanum. The latter is an inscription at Adulis that Cosmas Indicopleustes made a copy of for king Kaleb of Axum.

Spoiler: raw meat eaters got us

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[madaxweyne]

as predicted some zoooomalis will storm this great history with historic revisionism and anger at the apparent aksum victory but guys remember it was recorded in an ancient manuscript their is nothing to worry about just injoy the great history if you attempt to revisionise history it would just add to the confusement surrounding somali history so please dont

 

[Yibir Huur]

Great thread @geeljire madaxweyne I never knew about this conquest

 

[Yibir Huur]

@Grant what's funny?

 

[Shmurda]

Kkkkk give a couple moryaans AKs and khat they will take over ethiopia no problem

 

[madaxweyne]

@Grant what's funny?

He's a creepy old fool I usually ignore him

 

[madaxweyne]

Great thread @geeljire madaxweyne I never knew about this conquest

It was probably not a conquest but the city states had to pay tribute to aksum as a result but they still kept their independence

 

[Grant]

@Grant what's funny?

Our friend is an habitual revisionist.

Adulis was an independant city-state at the time of the inscription, as indicated by the throne on which the text was written, as well as the text itself. Note the first mention of the Agaw. Note that the map produced from the text does not include the Bab al Mandeb or the south shore of the Gulf of Aden. The Seseans are only possibly proto-Somali.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentum_Adulitanum

"The anonymous text describes the King's conquests in the Agame (a region in Tigray, Ethiopia). The inscription also mentions the subjugation of the Arabs, the Sabaeans, and the Kinaidokolpitas in modern-day Yemen (and perhaps Saudi Arabia). The inscription also notes that in the unnamed King's expedition to the mountains past the Nile, his men were knee-deep in snow. The inscription ends with the King's affirmation that he is the first to have subjugated all of the aforementioned peoples, and dedicates his throne to Zeus (or the god Astar, cognate to the Semitic goddess Astarte). 'Beher' meant 'sea' in Ge'ez, and the name Beher mentioned in the monument refers to the Adulite version of the Greek god Neptune and especially Ares or Mahrem. The 3rd century AD Adulite inscription also contains what may be the first reference to the Agaw, referring to a people called "Athagaus" (perhaps from ʿAd Agäw).[1]"

Here's a map of the expeditions, with nothing past the Bab al Mandeb.

https://www.google.com/search?q=Monumentum+Adulitanum&sxsrf=ACYBGNQsV2uwhXfmLrYr9m9VjJgOi4k0KA:1577611121332&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=l3b_Be6olA0T1M%3A%2CEK3PI5n1LyFoWM%2C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQG-JWaKqE_rm_40RB7pt8p_sXqrg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU9uuzw9rmAhWOpp4KHcCnCiYQ9QEwBHoECAoQBg#imgdii=l3b_Be6olA0T1M:&imgrc=l3b_Be6olA0T1M:&vet=1

http://www.shabait.com/about-eritre...ulis-the-ancient-port-city-of-eritrea-part-i-

"Based on different historical accounts, Adulis had been a hub of trade and cultural links from the early 2nd millennium BC up to 7th century AD involving both sides of the Red Sea, Far East and Mediterranean Basin. It was an autonomous port city which was the main trade route, motor and basic development of the Adulo- Aksumite civilization from 1st to 7th century AD. Adulis was mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea in the 1st century AD. According to the Periplus t it was located 3km from the Sea coast and it had imported and exported goods like rhinoceros horn, ivory, turtles` backbone, obsidian, slaves and incense through the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. In 6th century AD, in a book, the Christian Topography, a monk called Cosmas Indicopleustes stated that Adulis was a fair-sized village that transshipped goods from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Arab lands, Middle and Far East, Asia as well as the hinter land of Africa."

"Adulis was a center of trade exchange with different parts of the world. Thus, we have ample evidence from past excavations and explorers and recent archaeological researches on the Red Sea Coast and at Adulis. In the 1st C AD, in a book the Periplus of the Eritrean Sea, the Greek-Egyptian merchant and the so-called author Artimedero stated that the Egyptian Pharaoh had been an active trade connection with the southern parts of the Red Sea and especially with Adulis. According to the Periplus, anchorage ships at Adulis had experienced attack from the mainland, confirming that the King of Aksum´s control of the region was not absolute. It was the only legitimate port on the African coast, according to the author of the Periplus, signifying that trade had enjoyed protection under the state or law. Based on the author and historian Carlo Conti Rossini, Adulis at the time of the Periplus seems to have been a settlement maintained for the purpose of trade and the town was not necessarily founded by the new power of Aksum. In addition, he mentioned that the port was frequented by traders who came from Alexandria and Elantic Gulf."

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1795960?seq=1

"The site of Adulis, on the Ethiopian Red Sea coast, may one day yield a Greek inscription of outstanding importance for the geographical history of ancient Ethiopia. The text of the inscription was published, though without the opening passages, in The Christian topography, a mid-sixth century work, the Greek text of which has recently been re-edited and translated by Dr. Wanda Wolska-Conus. This new edition has encouraged a review, here undertaken, of the geographical content of this work in so far as it concerns the Ethiopian kingdom of Axum and adjoining regions of Eastern Africa, together with a geographical analysis of this inscription and a review of its bearing on the subsequent history of the Axumite kingdom. This analysis confirms the conclusion reached by Drewes that the unknown author of the inscription was not an Axumite but a south-west Arabian king. His conquests in northern Ethiopia may have been followed by the rise of a new dynasty there, Arabian in origin. This may have resulted in a renascence of the Axumite kingdom from the fourth century AD onwards when Axum reached the zenith of its power."

 

[madaxweyne]

Our friend is an habitual revisionist.

Adulis was an independant city-state at the time of the inscription, as indicated by the throne on which the text was written, as well as the text itself. Note the first mention of the Agaw. Note that the map produced from the text does not include the Bab al Mandeb or the south shore of the Gulf of Aden. The Seseans are only possibly proto-Somali.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentum_Adulitanum

"The anonymous text describes the King's conquests in the Agame (a region in Tigray, Ethiopia). The inscription also mentions the subjugation of the Arabs, the Sabaeans, and the Kinaidokolpitas in modern-day Yemen (and perhaps Saudi Arabia). The inscription also notes that in the unnamed King's expedition to the mountains past the Nile, his men were knee-deep in snow. The inscription ends with the King's affirmation that he is the first to have subjugated all of the aforementioned peoples, and dedicates his throne to Zeus (or the god Astar, cognate to the Semitic goddess Astarte). 'Beher' meant 'sea' in Ge'ez, and the name Beher mentioned in the monument refers to the Adulite version of the Greek god Neptune and especially Ares or Mahrem. The 3rd century AD Adulite inscription also contains what may be the first reference to the Agaw, referring to a people called "Athagaus" (perhaps from ʿAd Agäw).[1]"

Here's a map of the expeditions, with nothing past the Bab al Mandeb.

https://www.google.com/search?q=Monumentum+Adulitanum&sxsrf=ACYBGNQsV2uwhXfmLrYr9m9VjJgOi4k0KA:1577611121332&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=l3b_Be6olA0T1M%3A%2CEK3PI5n1LyFoWM%2C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQG-JWaKqE_rm_40RB7pt8p_sXqrg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU9uuzw9rmAhWOpp4KHcCnCiYQ9QEwBHoECAoQBg#imgdii=l3b_Be6olA0T1M:&imgrc=l3b_Be6olA0T1M:&vet=1

http://www.shabait.com/about-eritre...ulis-the-ancient-port-city-of-eritrea-part-i-

Based on different historical accounts, Adulis had been a hub of trade and cultural links from the early 2nd millennium BC up to 7th century AD involving both sides of the Red Sea, Far East and Mediterranean Basin. It was an autonomous port city which was the main trade route, motor and basic development of the Adulo- Aksumite civilization from 1st to 7th century AD. Adulis was mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea in the 1st century AD. According to the Periplus t it was located 3km from the Sea coast and it had imported and exported goods like rhinoceros horn, ivory, turtles` backbone, obsidian, slaves and incense through the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. In 6th century AD, in a book, the Christian Topography, a monk called Cosmas Indicopleustes stated that Adulis was a fair-sized village that transshipped goods from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Arab lands, Middle and Far East, Asia as well as the hinter land of Africa.

Adulis was a center of trade exchange with different parts of the world. Thus, we have ample evidence from past excavations and explorers and recent archaeological researches on the Red Sea Coast and at Adulis. In the 1st C AD, in a book the Periplus of the Eritrean Sea, the Greek-Egyptian merchant and the so-called author Artimedero stated that the Egyptian Pharaoh had been an active trade connection with the southern parts of the Red Sea and especially with Adulis. According to the Periplus, anchorage ships at Adulis had experienced attack from the mainland, confirming that the King of Aksum´s control of the region was not absolute. It was the only legitimate port on the African coast, according to the author of the Periplus, signifying that trade had enjoyed protection under the state or law. Based on the author and historian Carlo Conti Rossini, Adulis at the time of the Periplus seems to have been a settlement maintained for the purpose of trade and the town was not necessarily founded by the new power of Aksum. In addition, he mentioned that the port was frequented by traders who came from Alexandria and Elantic Gulf.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1795960?seq=1

"The site of Adulis, on the Ethiopian Red Sea coast, may one day yield a Greek inscription of outstanding importance for the geographical history of ancient Ethiopia. The text of the inscription was published, though without the opening passages, in The Christian topography, a mid-sixth century work, the Greek text of which has recently been re-edited and translated by Dr. Wanda Wolska-Conus. This new edition has encouraged a review, here undertaken, of the geographical content of this work in so far as it concerns the Ethiopian kingdom of Axum and adjoining regions of Eastern Africa, together with a geographical analysis of this inscription and a review of its bearing on the subsequent history of the Axumite kingdom. This analysis confirms the conclusion reached by Drewes that the unknown author of the inscription was not an Axumite but a south-west Arabian king. His conquests in northern Ethiopia may have been followed by the rise of a new dynasty there, Arabian in origin. This may have resulted in a renascence of the Axumite kingdom from the fourth century AD onwards when Axum reached the zenith of its power."

axum was not a south arabian kingdom
no amount of historical revisionism is going to change that fact,i thought this was clear old man your nothing but a racist troll

 

[Grant]

axum was not a south arabian kingdom
no amount of historical revisionism is going to change that fact,i thought this was clear old man your nothing but a racist troll

This is as good a time as any to start proving SOMETHING.

 

[madaxweyne]

This is as good a time as any to start proving SOMETHING.

makes no sence since the himyarites were the rulers of yemen, yemen was ruled by the himyarite empire also you did not specify which southwest arabian king it was, either way, we might be talking about a different time period

yemen was ruled by the jewish Himyarites and Axumites were based in adulis mordern day eritrea
thier is no such thing as a south west arabian kingdom or king is it saba or himyar make your mind you retarded old fool

this is the himyar kingdom

https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2011/bowersock-jewish-arabia

Himyar and corresponding today approximately with Yemen, the local population converted to Judaism at some point in the late fourth century, and by about 425 a Jewish kingdom had already taken shape. For just over a century after that, its kings ruled, with one brief interruption, over a religious state that was explicitly dedicated to the observance of Judaism and the persecution of its Christian population. The record survived over many centuries in Arabic historical writings, as well as in Greek and Syriac accounts of martyred Christians, but incredulous scholars had long been inclined to see little more than a local monotheism overlaid with language and features borrowed from Jews who had settled in the area. It is only within recent decades that enough inscribed stones have turned up to prove definitively the veracity of these surprising accounts. We can now say that an entire nation of ethnic Arabs in southwestern Arabia had converted to Judaism and imposed it as the state religion.

This bizarre but militant kingdom in Himyar was eventually overthrown by an invasion of forces from Christian Ethiopia, across the Red Sea. They set sail from East Africa, where they were joined by reinforcements from the Christian emperor in Constantinople. In the territory of Himyar, they engaged and destroyed the armies of the Jewish king and finally brought an end to what was arguably the most improbable, yet portentous, upheaval in the history of pre-Islamic Arabia. Few scholars, apart from specialists in ancient South Arabia or early Christian Ethiopia, have been aware of these events. A vigorous team led by Christian Julien Robin in Paris has pioneered
research on the Jewish kingdom in Himyar, and one of the Institute’s former Members, Andrei Korotayev, a Russian scholar who has worked in Yemen and was at the Institute in 2003–04, has also contributed to recovering this lost chapter of late antique Middle Eastern history.

the kingdom was later overthrown by the axumites which gave rise to axumite yemen

 

[Grant]

makes no sence since the himyarites were the rulers of yemen, yemen was ruled by the himyarite empire also you did not specify which southwest arabian king it was, either way, we might be talking about a different time period

yemen was ruled by the jewish Himyarites and Axumites were based in adulis mordern day eritrea
thier is no such thing as a south west arabian kingdom or king is it saba or himyar make your mind you retarded old fool

this is the himyar kingdom

https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2011/bowersock-jewish-arabia

Himyar and corresponding today approximately with Yemen, the local population converted to Judaism at some point in the late fourth century, and by about 425 a Jewish kingdom had already taken shape. For just over a century after that, its kings ruled, with one brief interruption, over a religious state that was explicitly dedicated to the observance of Judaism and the persecution of its Christian population. The record survived over many centuries in Arabic historical writings, as well as in Greek and Syriac accounts of martyred Christians, but incredulous scholars had long been inclined to see little more than a local monotheism overlaid with language and features borrowed from Jews who had settled in the area. It is only within recent decades that enough inscribed stones have turned up to prove definitively the veracity of these surprising accounts. We can now say that an entire nation of ethnic Arabs in southwestern Arabia had converted to Judaism and imposed it as the state religion.

This bizarre but militant kingdom in Himyar was eventually overthrown by an invasion of forces from Christian Ethiopia, across the Red Sea. They set sail from East Africa, where they were joined by reinforcements from the Christian emperor in Constantinople. In the territory of Himyar, they engaged and destroyed the armies of the Jewish king and finally brought an end to what was arguably the most improbable, yet portentous, upheaval in the history of pre-Islamic Arabia. Few scholars, apart from specialists in ancient South Arabia or early Christian Ethiopia, have been aware of these events. A vigorous team led by Christian Julien Robin in Paris has pioneered
research on the Jewish kingdom in Himyar, and one of the Institute’s former Members, Andrei Korotayev, a Russian scholar who has worked in Yemen and was at the Institute in 2003–04, has also contributed to recovering this lost chapter of late antique Middle Eastern history.

the kingdom was later overthrown by the axumites which gave rise to axumite yemen

Have you forgotten already that the inscription is 3rd century?

 

[madaxweyne]

Have you forgotten already that the inscription is 3rd century?

then youre talking about the kingdom of saba, either way, they were two distinct kingdoms we may never know if saba invaded Ethiopia but by this century they were two distinct entities

this is the map of the third century by the time of king GDRT around the third century

ps which "south west arabian" kingdoma are you talking about himyar saba qataban or hadramawyt

 

[Grant]

then youre talking about the kingdom of saba, either way, they were two distinct kingdoms we may never know if saba invaded Ethiopia but by this century they were two distinct entities

this is the map of the third century by the time of king GDRT around the third century

The kingdom is unknown. Stop jumping the gun. The point is that Adulis was not subject to Aksum at the time of the inscription.

 

[madaxweyne]

The kingdom is unknown. Stop jumping the gun. The point is that Adulis was not subject to Aksum at this point.

dont know what you mean but the kings of adulis were the first kings of axum starting with the king i named first they later expanded in to axum they were no seperate states of adulis and axum rather adulis expanded gradually and based it self in axum later it was known as the kingdom of aksum

either way this is the earliest evidence of conflict between the city-states and what became axum


look at this map and the tile underneath says axum himyrar saba qataban hadramawt it doesnt say adulis was seperate from axum or the other way round just that they were both axum

 

[Grant]

dont know what you mean but the kings of adulis were the first kings of axum starting with the king i named first they later expanded in to axum they were no seperate states of adulis and axum rather adulis expanded gradually and based it self in axum later it was known as the kingdom of aksum

either way this is the earliest evidence of conflict between the city-states and what became axum


look at this map and the tile underneath says axum himyrar saba qataban hadramawt it doesnt say adulis was seperate from axum or the other way round just that they were both axum

You are stretching well beyond the credible as well as the distinctions made in the scholarly studies. Read my answer to Yibir Huur.

 

[madaxweyne]

You are stretching well beyond the credible as well as the distinctions made in the scholarly studies. Read my answer to Yibir Huur.

nothing but historical revisionist bullshit your so confused beyond comprehension the first king of aksum was the king of adulis yes it was a based in the city at the time but its still is the kingdom of aksum

 

[madaxweyne]

You are stretching well beyond the credible as well as the distinctions made in the scholarly studies. Read my answer to Yibir Huur.

"Adulis was a center of trade exchange with different parts of the world. Thus, we have ample evidence from past excavations and explorers and recent archaeological researches on the Red Sea Coast and at Adulis. In the 1st C AD, in a book the Periplus of the Eritrean Sea, the Greek-Egyptian merchant and the so-called author Artimedero stated that the Egyptian Pharaoh had been an active trade connection with the southern parts of the Red Sea and especially with Adulis. According to the Periplus, anchorage ships at Adulis had experienced attack from the mainland, confirming that the King of Aksum´s control of the region was not absolute. It was the only legitimate port on the African coast, according to the author of the Periplus, signifying that trade had enjoyed protection under the state or law. Based on the author and historian Carlo Conti Rossini, Adulis at the time of the Periplus seems to have been a settlement maintained for the purpose of trade and the town was not necessarily founded by the new power of Aksum. In addition, he mentioned that the port was frequented by traders who came from Alexandria and Elantic Gulf."

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1795960?seq=1

your source did not say that i read the whole thing it did confirm the king of aksum who was based in adulis at the time experienced attacks from the mainland so the king of axums controll of the region was not obsolete.

watch this video it will make more sence the king of adulis was the king of what would become the kingdom of aksum as it later based itself in the city of aksum so it was still aksum

 

[Yibir Huur]

@Grant the first king of Axum had a realm in Adulis and Saba was later conquered by the Axumites.

But anyway, the websiye u linked literally saysthat the Adulite king said this:

The king clearly isn't of Sabean origin but native to the land. Mr. Kirwan's analysis doesn't sound convincing at all! his final concluion is just based on topography and nothing else even though the evidence goes directly against them. There's other reasons as to why it doesn't make sense.

To me it's just another Rossini.

 

[Grant]

@Grant the first king of Axum had a realm in Adulis and Saba was later conquered by the Axumites.

But anyway, the websiye u linked literally saysthat the Adulite king said this:

View attachment 85856


The king clearly isn't of Sabean origin but native to the land. Mr. Kirwan's analysis doesn't sound convincing at all! his final concluion is just based on topography and nothing else even though the evidence goes directly against them. There's other reasons as to why it doesn't make sense.

To me it's just another Rossini.

See the big map with the sequence of conquests, which started in Adulis. Yes, the king was native, but we don't know when his kingdom was established, or from exactly where. The inscription is in Ge'ez, which could be from any of the Semitic groups.

19th dynasty Egyptian glass (Hatshepsut, 1500 BC) has been excavated at Adulis, so the Ptolemys were not the first there. Nor does a 1st century off shore Roman outpost count. The inscription is 3rd century, at which point Aksum clearly did not control Adulis. Read the rest of the text, noticing this was in the 27th year of his reign..

https://historyinthehorn.wordpress.com/2014/05/18/monumentum-adulitanum/


"Having after this with a strong hand compelled the nations bordering on my kingdom to live in peace, I made war upon the following nations, and by force of arms reduced them to subjection. I warred first with the nation of Gazê, then with Agamê and Sigyê, and having conquered them I exacted the half of all that they possessed. I next reduced Aua and Tiamô, called Tziamô, and the Gambêla, and the tribes near them, and Zingabênê and Angabe and Tiama and Athagaûs and Kalaa, and the Semênoi —- a people who lived beyond the Nile on mountains difficult of access and covered with snow, where the year is all winter with hailstorms, frosts and snows into which a man sinks knee-deep. I passed the river to attack these nations, and reduced them. I next subdued Lazine and Zaa and Gabala, tribes which inhabit mountains with steep declivities abounding with hot springs, the Atalmô and Bega, and all the tribes in the same quarter along with them. I proceeded next against the Tangaitae, who adjoin the borders of Egypt; and having reduced them I made a footpath giving access by land into Egypt from that part of my dominions. Next I reduced Annine and Metine—-tribes inhabiting precipitous mountains. My arms were next directed against the Sesea nation. These had retired to a high mountain difficult of access; but I blockaded the mountain on every side, and compelled them to come down and surrender. I then selected for myself the best of their young men and their women, with their sons and daughters and all besides that they possessed. The tribes of Rhausi I next brought to submission: a barbarous race spread over wide waterless plains in the interior of the frankincense country. Advancing thence towards the sea, I encountered the Solate, whom I subdued, and left with instructions to guard the coast. All these nations, protected though they were by mountains all but impregnable, I conquered, after engagements in which I was myself present. Upon their submission I restored their territories to them, subject to the payment of tribute. Many other tribes besides these submitted of their own accord, and became likewise tributary. And I sent a fleet and land forces against the Arabitae and Cinaedocolpitae who dwelt on the other side of the Red Sea, and having reduced the sovereigns of both, I imposed on them a land tribute and charged them to make travelling safe both by sea and by land. I thus subdued the whole coast from Leucê Cômê to the country of the Sabaeans. I first and alone of the kings of my race made these conquests. For this success I now offer my thanks to my mighty God, Arês, who begat me, and by whose aid I reduced all the nations bordering on my own country, on the East to the country of frankincense, and on the West to Ethiopia and Sasu. Of these expeditions, some were conducted by myself in person, and ended in victory, and the others I entrusted to my officers. Having thus brought all the world under my authority to peace, I came down to Aduli and offered sacrifice to Zeus, and to Ares and to Poseidon, whom I entreated to befriend all who go down to the sea in ships. Here also I reunited all my forces, and setting down this Chair in this place, I consecrated it to Ares in the twenty-seventh year of my reign."