Get them to herd the camels and fetch the water.
I'd say the biggest urbanization drives happened right before and quickly after independence (mainly towards Mogadishu) and then the second wave right after the civil war (early 90s) making regional cities like Garowe grow rapidly.
So the Somali city states in the past weren't run and inhabited by Somalis? Or are you referring to the largest phase urbanization in our history?
I doubt Somalis would entrust their precious livestock with a slave.
nah sahib it also the Somali sultanate that had slaves specially the majerteen,hobyo and Warsangeli sultanates they were a under the imani sultanate How do you think daroods got to Oman and Yemen and why do you think mehris and hadhramis are in Puntland because Puntland had relationship with Oman and Yemen for centuriesI'd say cadcads and barwanis were the main ones keeping slaves, dunno why their name always gets forgotten in these conversations
do the "client" bantus still speak their language? or do we know what type of dialect they spoke if not?. which type of bantu is majoirty in somaliaAccording to Virginia Luling, Lee Cassanelli and others, the slaves prior to 1800 were almost entirely Arsi from Ethiopia or locally captured Oromos. Most were used in the care of stock or in the household and were well treated and often assimilated. The Gabawayn, Shabelli, Shidley and some others were part of the Bantu expansion and became clients of various Samaale clans, but were never chattel slaves. The enslaved Bantus were brought from Tanzania and other southern areas by the Omanis beginning about 1800, with large numbers, perhaps totaling 50,000, coming in the mid 19th century up to the Italian period. All of the Lower Shabelli tribes had agricultural slaves.
The agricultural slaves were poorly treated, leading to large numbers of runaways. The Mushunguli escaped in large enough numbers to keep their language and establish a chain of villages in the Lower Jubba. Other language groups adopted Maay and settled above Jamaame to beyond Bu'aale. Together, these groups formed the Gosha, who traded ivory to the Omanis for guns and had treaties with the British, Baraawe Zanzibar, etc. Tse tse and the guns kept pastoral Samaales away from the river. The Gosha were independent until the Italians introduced forced labor and took political control..
The Gosha were seen as a power beginning about 1840. Check Nassib Bundo, who was a Darwish ally:
The Gabawayn, Shabelli, Shidley and some others were part of the Bantu expansion
do the "client" bantus still speak their language? or do we know what type of dialect they spoke if not?. which type of bantu is majoirty in somalia
Except for the Mushunguli, all Bantus lost their languages. Population numbers in Somalia are just guesses for almost all groups. I saw one study, which I have not been able to find again, that said the two Bantu groups were roughly equivalent. at about 1.5 M each.(??) Before the civil war, one common estimate for just the Gosha alone was 80,000. Many are now shegad among noble clans.
When you say all of the lower shabelle tribes had slaves do you mean ethnic somali tribes (like hawiye and rahanweyn) or arab-somalis like benadiris and reer Barawe?According to Virginia Luling, Lee Cassanelli and others, the slaves prior to 1800 were almost entirely Arsi from Ethiopia or locally captured Oromos. Most were used in the care of stock or in the household and were well treated and often assimilated. The Gabawayn, Shabelli, Shidley and some others were part of the Bantu expansion and became clients of various Samaale clans, but were never chattel slaves. The enslaved Bantus were brought from Tanzania and other southern areas by the Omanis beginning about 1800, with large numbers, perhaps totaling 50,000, coming in the mid 19th century up to the Italian period. All of the Lower Shabelli tribes had agricultural slaves.
The agricultural slaves were poorly treated, leading to large numbers of runaways. The Mushunguli escaped in large enough numbers to keep their language and establish a chain of villages in the Lower Jubba. Other language groups adopted Maay and settled above Jamaame to beyond Bu'aale. Together, these groups formed the Gosha, who traded ivory to the Omanis for guns and had treaties with the British, Baraawe Zanzibar, etc. Tse tse and the guns kept pastoral Samaales away from the river. The Gosha were independent until the Italians introduced forced labor and took political control..
The Gosha were seen as a power beginning about 1840. Check Nassib Bundo, who was a Darwish ally:
No, they weren't.nah sahib it also the Somali sultanate that had slaves specially the majerteen,hobyo and Warsangeli sultanates they were a under the imani sultanate How do you think daroods got to Oman and Yemen and why do you think mehris and hadhramis are in Puntland because Puntland had relationship with Oman and Yemen for centuries
The ties between Darood/Puntland with Omani/Yemen has nothing to do with being under the Omani sultanate and everything with kinship and close proximity and trade. The relationship between Harti daroods and Mahra tribes in Hadramout yemen and Dhofar Oman is ancient. Its a pre islamic relationship built on a common frankincense and myrrh gathering culure. These two regions have been trading frankincense with each other for at least 4000 years.nah sahib it also the Somali sultanate that had slaves specially the majerteen,hobyo and Warsangeli sultanates they were a under the imani sultanate How do you think daroods got to Oman and Yemen and why do you think mehris and hadhramis are in Puntland because Puntland had relationship with Oman and Yemen for centuries
When you say all of the lower shabelle tribes had slaves do you mean ethnic somali tribes (like hawiye and rahanweyn) or arab-somalis like benadiris and reer Barawe?