There are 13 genetic markers, all developing from an original "A", the San.
The Journey of Man:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journey_of_Man
"According to the
recent single-origin hypothesis, human ancestors originated in Africa, and eventually made their way out to the rest of the world. Analysis of the
Y chromosome is one of the methods used in tracing the history of
early humans. Thirteen genetic markers on the Y-chromosome differentiate populations of human beings.
It is believed, on the basis of genetic evidence, that all human beings in existence now descend from one single man who lived in Africa about 60,000 years ago.
[2] The earliest groups of humans are believed to find their present-day descendants among the
San people, a group that is now found in western
southern Africa. The San are smaller than the Bantu. They have lighter skins, more tightly curled hair, and they share the
epicanthal foldwith the people of Central and South East Asia.
Southern and eastern Africa are believed to originally have been populated by people akin to the San. Since that early time much of their range has been taken over by the
Bantu.
Skeletal remains of these ancestral people are found in Paleolithic sites in Somalia and Ethiopia. There are also peoples in
east Africa today who speak substantially different languages that nevertheless share the archaic characteristics of the
San language, its distinctive repertoire of
click and pop sounds. These are the only languages in the entire world that use these sounds in speech.
As humans migrated out of Africa, they all carried a genetic feature on the Y chromosome known as M168 (
Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)).
[3]
The first wave of migration out of Africa stayed close to the oceans shores, tracing a band along the coastal areas of the
Indian Ocean including parts of the
Arabian Peninsula, the
Middle East, the
Indian subcontinent and into
South East Asia, down into what is now
Indonesia, and eventually reaching Australia. This branch of the human family developed a new marker M130 (
Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)).
This first wave appears to have left
dark-skinned people along its path, including isolated groups of dark-skinned people in south east Asia such as the
aboriginal population of the
Andaman Islands (around 400 km off the west coast of Thailand), the
Semang of
Malaysia, and the
Aeta of the
Philippines.
[4]
The second wave of migration took a more northerly course, splitting somewhere in the area around what is now called
Syria to sweep to interior Asia, where it split several more times in
Central Asia, north of
Afghanistan. The lineages that flowed into Central Asia carry M9 (
Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)). Other markers were added after the migration paths went on in several different directions from Central Asia.
From Central Asia, a small group migrated towards the northeast, following
reindeer. These were the
Chukchi people, a few of whom still live a nomadic lifestyle today. An even smaller group, estimated at no more than 20 Chukchis, crossed what is now the
Bering Seaapproximately 13,000 years ago during the
last glacial period, and migrated into North America. They are the ancestors of
Native Americans, and 800 years later, they had reached as far as South America.
The African diaspora is believed to have begun some 50,000 years ago, long enough for many changes to have occurred in humans remaining in Africa. The genetic trends reported involve humans who left Africa, and their genetic histories. The diversity found outside of Africa may well have been accentuated since populations migrating to new hunting grounds would rarely have had individuals moving backwards into previously settled regions. But within Africa, isolation would have been geographically aided primarily by the
Sahara Desert, leaving people in areas not separated by the desert to travel and migrate relatively freely."