GENETICS South Cushitic/Southeast African/Khoisan E1b1b1 came from the Northern Horn

[Apollo]

''We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa (present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia), where the majority of the deepest E-V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found. In the southern part of the Horn (southern Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya), haplogroup E-V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent (3.5 ka; 95% CI: 1.7–5.9 ka) subhaplogroup E-V1486. Further south, in southern Kenya and southern Africa, a single E-V1486 terminal clade, known as E-M293 (Henn et al. 2008), was found. This phylogeographic pattern is strongly suggestive of human movements from the northern part of the Horn to the Ethiopian/Kenyan borders between 12 ka (the coalescence of E-V1515) and 3.5 ka (the coalescence of E-V1486), and from here toward southern Africa across the equatorial belt in more recent times.''

https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/7/7/1940/631621

https://yfull.com/tree/E-V1515/

Afars = E-V6 descendant of E-V1515

South Cushites, Southeast Africans, Khoisan pastoralists = E-M293 descendant of E-V1515

@South Cushitic @MARAQ DIGAAG

 

[Grant]

''We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa (present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia), where the majority of the deepest E-V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found. In the southern part of the Horn (southern Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya), haplogroup E-V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent (3.5 ka; 95% CI: 1.7–5.9 ka) subhaplogroup E-V1486. Further south, in southern Kenya and southern Africa, a single E-V1486 terminal clade, known as E-M293 (Henn et al. 2008), was found. This phylogeographic pattern is strongly suggestive of human movements from the northern part of the Horn to the Ethiopian/Kenyan borders between 12 ka (the coalescence of E-V1515) and 3.5 ka (the coalescence of E-V1486), and from here toward southern Africa across the equatorial belt in more recent times.''

https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/7/7/1940/631621

https://yfull.com/tree/E-V1515/

Afars = E-V6 descendant of E-V1515

South Cushites, Southeast Africans, Khoisan pastoralists = E-M293 descendant of E-V1515

@South Cushitic @MARAQ DIGAAG

Are you finally ready to recognize the Khoisan in the north? This isn't even limited to YAP!

 

[Apollo]

Are you finally ready to recognize the Khoisan in the north? This isn't even limited to YAP!

They are not Khoisan. Read the Skoglund study. They were part of the same population as Mota man.

True Khoisans start somewhere around prehistoric Malawi, not Tanzania.

 

[Grant]

They are not Khoisan. Read the Skoglund study. They were part of the same population as Mota man.

True Khoisans start somewhere around prehistoric Malawi, not Tanzania.

"We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa (present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia), where the majority of the deepest E-V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found (supplementary table S7, Supplementary Material online). In the southern part of the Horn (southern Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya), haplogroup E-V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent (3.5 ka; 95% CI: 1.7–5.9 ka) subhaplogroup E-V1486. Further south, in southern Kenya and southern Africa, a single E-V1486 terminal clade, known as E-M293 (supplementary fig. S4, Supplementary Material online). Haplogroup E-M293 has been previously hypothesized to mark a recent gene flow (about 2 ka) through Tanzania to southern Africa, as a consequence of a migration of non-Bantu speaker pastoralists (Henn et al. 2008). Our data on the distribution and phylogeny of the E-V1515 haplogroup support and extend this hypothesis. We propose that the migration marked by the E-M293 haplogroup could be the final step of a north-to-south range expansion linked to different branches of E-V1515, which initially involved people from Eritrea (and possibly northern Sudan, not sampled here). This migratory route is concordant in time and space with archeological evidence for early domestication of African cattle in northeastern Africa about 10 ka, southward climate-driven movements of herders into southern Ethiopian highlands and Turkana basin (northern Kenya) around 4 ka, and a subsequent subequatorial pastoralist expansion toward southern Kenya/Tanzania and southern Africa not before 3 ka (Ehret 2002; "

The pastoralist migration through Tanzania was Khoe, taking short horned cattle from the northern coast and Levantine sheep and goats to South Africa. This pushes the northern end of the migration into Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. Check out E-M293.

https://www.researchgate.net/public...migration_through_Tanzania_to_southern_Africa

 

[Apollo]

https://www.researchgate.net/public...migration_through_Tanzania_to_southern_Africa

They were Southern Cushites who transformed into Khoisan in Southern Africa due to admixture. Not Khoe from the start.

 

[Yonis]

Khoisan have extreme Madow hair basically patches on their head, while being light skinned and have chinese eyes, strange mixture of features

 

[Apollo]

Khoisan have extreme Madow hair basically patches on their head, while being light skinned and have chinese eyes, strange mixture of features

Genetically pure Khoisan doesn't exist anymore. They all have 9% to 20% Cushitic admixture due to the above migration. Higher end is for the Nama tribe.

However, Khoisan who lack Bantu admixture do exist because the Bantus arrived much later in Southern Africa vs the Cushites. Especially the Ju/'hoansi tribe (9% Cushitic, 91% Khoisan, no Bantu).

 

[Yonis]

Genetically pure Khoisan doesn't exist anymore. They all have 9% to 20% Cushitic admixture due to the above migration. Higher end is for the Nama tribe.

However, Khoisan who lack Bantu admixture do exist because the Bantus arrived much later in Southern Africa vs the Cushites. Especially the Ju/'hoansi tribe (9% Cushitic, 91% Khoisan, no Bantu).

I wish there was a Khoisan Reconquista of southern africa before the British came and fed the bantus that lead to bantu population explosion, the khoisan persecution & genocide is something that should be taught in history books

 

[Apollo]

I wish there was a Khoisan Reconquista of southern africa before the British came and fed the bantus that lead to bantu population explosion, the khoisan persecution & genocide is something that should be taught in history books

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[Yonis]

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[Apollo]

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[Yonis]

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[Apollo]

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[Yonis]

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[Grant]

They were Southern Cushites who transformed into Khoisan in Southern Africa due to admixture. Not Khoe from the start.

http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2012/07/khoisan-genetic-prehistory-pickrell-et.html

"The hunter-gatherer populations of southern and eastern Africa are known to harbor some of the most ancient human lineages, but their historical relationships are poorly understood. We report data from 22 populations analyzed at over half a million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), using a genome-wide array designed for studies of history. The southern Africans-here called Khoisan-fall into two groups, loosely corresponding to the northwestern and southeastern Kalahari, which we show separated within the last 30,000 years. All individuals derive at least a few percent of their genomes from admixture with non-Khoisan populations that began 1,200 years ago. In addition, the Hadza, an east African hunter-gatherer population that speaks a language with click consonants, derive about a quarter of their ancestry from admixture with a population related to the Khoisan, implying an ancient genetic link between southern and eastern Africa."

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707613019

" First, the presence of different Y-chromosome haplotypes belonging to African-specific Group I in all groups of Ethiopians and in the Khoisan (at frequencies of ∼13% and 44%, respectively) confirms that these populations share an ancestral paternity, as was previously suggested by the 49a,f data (Passarino et al. 1998), and it indicates that Group I was part of the proto-African Y-chromosome gene pool. The virtual absence of this clade in the other African ethnic groups suggests that they could derive from a more recent ancestral population that went through a long period of differentiation before expansion. In addition, Group II, the next closest to the NRY genealogy root and typically an African group, is shared by Ethiopians and the Khoisan but to a lesser degree. In the case of Group II, the split responsible for the differences observed between Ethiopian and Khoisan haplotypes is also old. Second, most of the Ethiopian Y chromosomes, the rest of the Khoisan Y chromosomes, and the majority of the Senegalese Y chromosomes belong to Group III, which is also mainly African but whose precursor is believed to be involved in the first migration out of Africa (Underhill et al. 2001). Third, the remainder of the Ethiopian Y chromosomes (Groups VI, VIII, and IX) may be explained by back migrations from Asia."

 

[Apollo]

@Grant there was no true Khoisan presence north of Lake Malawi. Give it up.

Hunter-gatherers of Kenya and Tanzania were more like Mota man and Omotics.

Somewhere in prehistoric Malawi was there a Khoisan-Omotic hybrid group and in Southern Africa the true Khoisan:

 

[Grant]

@Grant there was no true Khoisan presence north of Lake Malawi. Give it up.

Hunter-gatherers of Kenya and Tanzania were more like Mota man and Omotics.

Somewhere in prehistoric Malawi was there a Khoisan-Omotic hybrid group and in Southern Africa the true Khoisan:

http://bafsudralam.blogspot.com/2015/10/did-khoisan-formerly-live-in-north.html

"The Aurignacian civilization was founded by the Cro-Magnon people who originated in Africa. They took this culture to Western Europe across the Straits of Gibraltar. The Cro-Magnon people were probably Bushman/Khoi."


"The Khoisan were probably the original North Africans. The Khoisan introduced mtDNA haplogroups and y-Chromosomes hg A1 and R1-M343 to the Berbers. .

The Khoisan are the ancestors of the Black Berbers whoes descendants probably live in Morocco and the Atlas Mountains.
The Black Berbers of the Atlas Mountains and other parts of Northwest Africa are of Sub-Saharan origin and took African mtDNA into Western Europe over 40kya. The Gibraltar Straits appears to be the most reliable route for the spread of many mtDNA haplogroups from Africa, into Europe over the past 30ky (Winters,2012), including L3(M,N) .
The Khoisan carry L1c,L1i, L2b, L3d ( Rito, et al ,2013) . The motif L3b, is widespread in western Africans. It is mainly found among populations that speak languages of the Niger-Congo family like the Mandekan.

Like most African haplogroups the control region of hg L1i include 16189,16223 and 16311, just like L3a and L3b. The mutation that connects the Khoisan to the spread of L3(M,N) is AF24. The AF24 mutation is found in LOd and among the Khoisan and Senegalese .The existence of AF24 in Senegal and Southern Africa suggest that L1c, L2b, L3d and L3e is not the result of intermarriage with Bantu immigrants , as suggested by Rito et al(2013) .

LOd is the oldest mtDNA haplogroup . This haplogroup is primarily carried by the Khoisan people (Winters,2014) . It is also found among Niger-Congo speakers in West Africa where we also find LOa in West Africa in addition to L3b.

The Cro Magnon DNA found in the ancient skeletons dates back to the Aurignacian period (Winters,2011). The Cro magnon skeletons belong to the N haplogroup.

The Cro Magnon skeletons carried N1a,N1b,N1c and N* (Winters, 2010,2011). It is characterized by motifs 00073G,10873C, 10238T and A4CC between nucleotide positions 10397 and 10400. Most of the skeletons carried hg N*.

It is obvious that L3 (M,N) had expanded into Europe prior to the Neolithic.
.

 

[Grant]

The Khoisan carry Neanderthal DNA.

http://bafsudralam.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-khoisan-and-neanderthal.html

"It was probably in Morocco that Neanderthal and Khoisan interacted. An exception to this norm are the Khoisan who share a phylogenic relationship with Altai Neanderthals (Prufer, et al, 2013)."


" Many researchers claim that Africans have no relationship to the Neanderthals.But Prufer et al (2013) observed that Khoisan share more alleles with Altaic Neanderthal than Denisova. In the Supplemental section of Prufer et al (2013) there is considerable discussion of the relationship between Neanderthal and Khoisan.


In relation to the Altaic Neanderthal the non-Africans have a lower divergence rate than Africans between 10-20%. Prufer et al (2013) note little statistical difference between non-African and African divergence.


Researchers have observered a relationship between the Neanderthals, the Khoisan and Yoruba. Prufer et al (2013) detected a relationship between the Neanderthal and Mandekan. It is interesting to note that Yoruba traditions place them in Mande-speaking areas (Prufer et al,2013).


There is interesting information in Figure S7.1. In Figure S7.1 the maximum likelihood tree of bonobo, Denisova and Neanderthal, the closest present-day hmans are Africans, not Europeans. Reading the Tree Chart Graph, the neighbor joining tree of archaic and present day human individuals has the Khoisan following the Denisova. An interesting finding of Prufer et al (2013) was that Altaic Neanderthal and Denisova are estimated to have similar split times.


The divergence estimate for African Khoisan-Mandekan and Altaic is younger than the split between Africans and Denisova archaic individuals and modern African individuals. The split times between the Khoisan and Mandekan may be explained by the presence of AF-24 haplotype in West Africa. The major problem with the paper is that the Prufer et al (2013)believe that there was a back-to-Africa migration of Eurasian genomes among West Africans people.


This back migration probably did not occur. What we do know is that the ancient Kushite people belonged to the C-Group. The C-Group people spoke Niger-Congo and Dravidian languages. The Kushites founded many civilizations in Eurasia including the Sumerian and Elamite civilizations. The Kushites may have spread L3(M) and y-chromosome R haplogroup in Eurasia. This suggest that so-called Eurasian genomes are the result of admixtures of Europeans and Kushites.


In summary the Khoisan early settled Morocco. From here they interacted with Neanderthal populations. Later the Khoisan migrated into Iberia an deposited many genomes of the L clade and L3(N) macrohaplogroup.





Reference:


de Domínguez E.F. Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea. Universitat de Barcelona. Departament Biologia Animal, 2005 (PhD thesis).


Gonder MK, Mortensen HM, Reed FA, de Sousa A, Tishkoff SA. (2006). Whole mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages. Mol Biol Evol. 2006 Dec 28.


Ki-Zerbo,J. (1981). Unesco General History of Africa Vol. 1: Methodology and African Prehistory (1981), pg.572.
Pruler,K, Racimo,F.,Patterson,N et al. (2014). The complete genome sequences of Neanderthal from the Altai, Mountains. Nature , 505/7481: 43-9. doi .10.1038/ Nature 12881.Epub.2013.Dec.18.


Scozzari, R, Massaia,A, Trombatta,B. et al.(2014). An unbiased resource of novel SNP markers provides a new chronology for human Y-chromosome and reveals a deep phylogenetic structure in Africa. Genome Research, January 6,2014, doi: 10.1101/gr./60785.113.


Winters C. The Gibraltar Out of Africa Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans. WebmedCentral BIOLOGY 2011;2(10):WMC002311 . http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2311

Posted by Dr. Clyde Winters at 8:50 PM"

 

[Menelik III]

Been saying Cushites originated in the north Ethiopia/Ertra since day one, Linguists need to change the name to Ethiopic ASAP

 

[EDsomali]

The Khoisan carry Neanderthal DNA.

http://bafsudralam.blogspot.com/2014/07/the-khoisan-and-neanderthal.html

"It was probably in Morocco that Neanderthal and Khoisan interacted. An exception to this norm are the Khoisan who share a phylogenic relationship with Altai Neanderthals (Prufer, et al, 2013)."


" Many researchers claim that Africans have no relationship to the Neanderthals.But Prufer et al (2013) observed that Khoisan share more alleles with Altaic Neanderthal than Denisova. In the Supplemental section of Prufer et al (2013) there is considerable discussion of the relationship between Neanderthal and Khoisan.


In relation to the Altaic Neanderthal the non-Africans have a lower divergence rate than Africans between 10-20%. Prufer et al (2013) note little statistical difference between non-African and African divergence.


Researchers have observered a relationship between the Neanderthals, the Khoisan and Yoruba. Prufer et al (2013) detected a relationship between the Neanderthal and Mandekan. It is interesting to note that Yoruba traditions place them in Mande-speaking areas (Prufer et al,2013).


There is interesting information in Figure S7.1. In Figure S7.1 the maximum likelihood tree of bonobo, Denisova and Neanderthal, the closest present-day hmans are Africans, not Europeans. Reading the Tree Chart Graph, the neighbor joining tree of archaic and present day human individuals has the Khoisan following the Denisova. An interesting finding of Prufer et al (2013) was that Altaic Neanderthal and Denisova are estimated to have similar split times.


The divergence estimate for African Khoisan-Mandekan and Altaic is younger than the split between Africans and Denisova archaic individuals and modern African individuals. The split times between the Khoisan and Mandekan may be explained by the presence of AF-24 haplotype in West Africa. The major problem with the paper is that the Prufer et al (2013)believe that there was a back-to-Africa migration of Eurasian genomes among West Africans people.


This back migration probably did not occur. What we do know is that the ancient Kushite people belonged to the C-Group. The C-Group people spoke Niger-Congo and Dravidian languages. The Kushites founded many civilizations in Eurasia including the Sumerian and Elamite civilizations. The Kushites may have spread L3(M) and y-chromosome R haplogroup in Eurasia. This suggest that so-called Eurasian genomes are the result of admixtures of Europeans and Kushites.


In summary the Khoisan early settled Morocco. From here they interacted with Neanderthal populations. Later the Khoisan migrated into Iberia an deposited many genomes of the L clade and L3(N) macrohaplogroup.





Reference:


de Domínguez E.F. Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea. Universitat de Barcelona. Departament Biologia Animal, 2005 (PhD thesis).


Gonder MK, Mortensen HM, Reed FA, de Sousa A, Tishkoff SA. (2006). Whole mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages. Mol Biol Evol. 2006 Dec 28.


Ki-Zerbo,J. (1981). Unesco General History of Africa Vol. 1: Methodology and African Prehistory (1981), pg.572.
Pruler,K, Racimo,F.,Patterson,N et al. (2014). The complete genome sequences of Neanderthal from the Altai, Mountains. Nature , 505/7481: 43-9. doi .10.1038/ Nature 12881.Epub.2013.Dec.18.


Scozzari, R, Massaia,A, Trombatta,B. et al.(2014). An unbiased resource of novel SNP markers provides a new chronology for human Y-chromosome and reveals a deep phylogenetic structure in Africa. Genome Research, January 6,2014, doi: 10.1101/gr./60785.113.


Winters C. The Gibraltar Out of Africa Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans. WebmedCentral BIOLOGY 2011;2(10):WMC002311 . http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2311

Posted by Dr. Clyde Winters at 8:50 PM"