Also @Thegoodshepherd another thing to point out aside from the fact that foreign currency comes into the country through trade , import/export and cross border logistics by transnational Somali businesses and Somali businesses who repatriate profit from abroad.
@MidasUse your common sense a little. How are Somalis paying for imports to begin with? You need capital, it doesn't matter if it comes in dollar or another currency. So you are only contradicting yourself. You simply cannot have high consumer spending that exceeds over 100% of the supposed claimed GDP without having money.
Poor African country's actually export more than they import, because they cannot pay for goods coming from abroad, so what their import is tiny.
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Another thing worth mentioning is how i also pointed out in another thread that trade stats like exports/imports is distorted by Somali businesses engaging in transnational practices:
I covered it in that thread i linked: There is actually a lot of industrial development/production going on, and Somalis are incredibly super active in logistics , import/exports and multinational trade.
Want to show this other report that points out how much they underestimate Somalia's economic activity in official statistics ''Estimates by development institutions suggest that cross-border trade is two to fives times higher than official statistics..., In effect , it is estimated that trading that is composed primarily of cross-border trading employs between 10 and 30 percent of the population"
The report also highlights several things that confirm what i said about the transnational practices of Somali businesses. , how most foreign currency and liquidity comes from trade and import/export and direct diaspora investment that then resycles throughout the economy through the financial systems.
It says "but FDI in the country has been driven primarily by diaspora and Somali transnational conglomerate investments.."
Imao they don't have number for the transnational conglomerates but they understand it to be large, i can bet you it's many billions from some figures i have seen.
It also talks about how Somalia is integrated into the economies of Gulf states, Turkey and the wider East African region.
I'll break it down what it said in another place , although the report makes a lot of unfounded assertions and baseless accusations about the supposed ''conglomerates dominating'' when they are in reality cooperatives and sometimes associations that engage in diversification through risk sharing and cross investment. They also merge to pool their resources/capital together . They are not market captures or oligopolies they are not linked to clan or directly to political elites but are community driven , their stake holders are literally local communities, they operate cross regionally with branch networks and thats why they reinvest their liquidity into development, economic growth and finance and they support SMES(Small Medium Businesses). It actually took them many years, trails & tribulations and innovation to scale to that level.
A lot of the strategies that Somalis business people undertook was to maneuver around the fact that due to Somalia's Political international reputation not much FDI or direct trade engagement happens from other countries or foreigners because of it. So they often have to operate in parellel fashion by registering abroad and home and have to pool local and diaspora capital in the absence of state support.
Luckily there is a study on this by a Somali author that i will use to clarify this that puts things into context. Also in the report they make reductive claims that the diaspora mostly invest in cafes, land or shops but i have actual direct figures from government publication in Somaliland and Somalia and also by GEEL(which works closely with agricultural investors) that show they sunk hundreds of millions into industrial/manufacturing , energy, water supply, housing/infrastructure and agricultural sectors of Somalia and boosted economic growth. The industry & commerce SL ministers said the creation of an industrial sector is diaspora driven.
Diaspora and locals citizens also attempted to create many SMES to boost employment opportunities which has been successful because those ventures typically require lower entry and lower start up capital so they proliferate and now there numerous of them that contribute to economic development.
That survey i showed earlier shows how diaspora investments is diversified and distributed to different sectors but you can see that most is directed at addressing real needs:
Here is a chart: . And they say something that is key "Note this question asked specifically about investments and not remittances. Thus it is assumed that individuals responses indicate sectoral prefrences that are tied to investments and not funds sent to families as part of a remittances obligations"
What i find funny is that they underestimate Somalia's economic output which they later come back to rescind or contradict because they lack reliable estimates/data, so they form these weird rationals and narratives to frame things in an attempt to make sense of it. They also apply their own cultural understandings of how their own western societies work to explain how Somalia's economy work much like some misguided Somali journalists i noticed tend to do as well. It's easy to show how they are wrong and you can plug holes in it.