The British government then opted to increase white settlement as a wider strategy to strengthen British influence between South Africa and Kenya. Land was strictly reserved for white ownership along the railway line, in the far north, and in the east. Around those areas, African reserves were marked out in 1928 to 1930. In shanty towns, shacks and townships.
This soon led to overcrowding, soil exhaustion, and food shortage, and a number of whites settlers encroached the designated shacks for Zambians.
During WW2, in 1930 the copper became the colony's most promising resource. Huge deposits had been located far beneath the headwaters of the Kafue and were mined by companies mostly financed from South Africa, through the Anglo American Corporation, and the United States, through the Rhodesian Selection Trust.
In 1930–31 prices for copper collapsed, due to results of the worldwide depression.
For skilled labour, they depended on whites who had to be paid what they might have earned in South Africa.
Zambian labour, whatever remained of able bodied male population they worked for wages away from their homes, and many worked outside the territory their native regions.
As I have earlier mentioned indentured labourers were cheap and abundant, the employers accepted a high turnover rate to avoid providing the amenities for them hence discouraging permanent African settlement in urban areas.
From 1935 copper prices rose sharply, and by 1938 Northern Rhodesia delivered substantial amount to the world’s total output of copper.
The capital was moved to Lusaka in 1935, the British tried to stop the numerous strikes of angry Zambians hence naming the capital in native Soli language.
The Solis are the first native inhabitants of Zambia, they suffered the most, their lands forecefully taken.
It didn't stop the protests however and according to the White settlers they were infuriated with the colony's decision to name the capital in an inferior African language.
The White Settlers supremacists objected.
The British subtle appeasement to the locals, it provoked Zambians to resist and strike again, some fled to the uncontrollable Katanga to form guerilla groups and the call to arms.
Zambians saw both of them as White supremacists.
This was the starting point when Rhodesians settlers and the British developed a sour relationship. The Rhodesians wanted a fully White Republic.
The second phase of the world war ends.
And the British devised strategy plan to exit as Africans throughout the continent took up arms against their oppressors.
They made public investment in roads, schools, and health services, for Africans as well as whites. Missionaries ran many primary schools, but in 1942 only 35 Zambians were receiving secondary education.
The Rhodesians settlers were outraged criticising the British.
Unlike Southern Rhodesia. Although whites formed less than 2 percent of Northern Rhodesia, their numbers rose between 1946 and 1951 from 22,000 to 37,000, partly because of immigration from those countries. And native Zambians were not even 5 million at the time.
The White settlers had the same aspirations as their Southern counterparts to strengthen White settler self-government in the region.
Between 1947 and 1953 the British devised a plan to defer the White settlers influence in government. They begin the campaign to recruit locals in lower government and more Zambian natives. The entrenching White supremacy seemed to lie in amalgamation with the south. The British politicians feared that the entire Rhodesia would otherwise fall under the sway of the Afrikaner nationalists who had come to power in South Africa in 1948, the national party at the time.
On the other hand the British feared of African reprisals and resentment, as many trekked days journey to join the resistance guerillas in the jungles of the Copperbelt, in 1953 a new nation was formed.
Northern and Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland(Malawi) were brought together in the Central African Federation despite the protests.
The forced federation was a curious and unstable combination.
Its government was lied in Southern Rhodesia, which also dominated the federal parliament. It had wide powers over all three territories, though in the north Britain retained control over questions of African land, education, and political status.
They changed their face from colonialist to democracy.
A new generation of Zambians wanted Northern Rhodesia to become an independent African state, as Ghana had become in 1957. In 1958, led by Kenneth Kaunda, a former teacher and civil servant, he formed the Congress the Zambia African National Congress and its successor, the United National Independence Party (UNIP). Britain accepted that Africans would have to be given more power than the federal government in Southern Rhodesia was willing to concede.
Zambians became a majority in the legislature. The federation was dissolved at the end of 1963.
And in 1964 on October 24 the country became the independent Republic of Zambia, within the Commonwealth and with Kaunda serving as the executive president.
During the early years of independence, Zambia was comparatively prosperous.
But the country wasn't directly independent, it still had require trading rights and approval from the British South Africa Company and had to deal with a resentful Rhodesian Republic to the South.
The country embarked on long overdue investment in communications and social services. In 1960 there had only been 2,500 Africans in secondary schools by 1971 there were 54,000. At independence there were fewer than 100 Zambian university graduates in 1965 the University of Zambia was founded, and by 1971 it had 2,000 students. Zambians finally began to predominate in the upper ranks of the civil service, the army, business, and the professions. The copper industry still relied heavily on white expertise, but the colour bar had longed vanished, and in 1966 Zambian mine workers secured a large increase in pay, which soon affected wage levels generally.
On the other hand, Zambia suffered massively from the white supremacy across the Zambezi. Following Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965, the United Nations imposed sanctions to isolate that country, but it bore heavily on the Zambian economy. Remember in the past the logistic route to Copperbelt, were southwards and the locals depended on that market.
Trade with Rhodesia steadily reduced the border ceased to work in 1973. The diplomatic relations between the countries remained tense.But they still operated underneath the shadows to fuel instability.