To preface: I am not some shill for HGDEF. Just like the vast majority of Eritreans, I have gripes with my government, especially its draconian policies and diplomatic intransigence. However, I can also acknowledge that Eritrea and its government was never dealt the best hand to begin with.
Let’s begin with the fact that Eritrea was not meant to become a nation to begin with and in doing so it defied all odds. While the CIA was diverting hundreds of millions of dollars from Bob Geldof’s Band-Aid to the TPLF to buy weaponry, the eminent liberation front in the field that was actually succeeding was hung out to dry. The EPLF had to make do by scraping the barrel with diaspora donations and the odd shipment of Kalashnikovs from Somalia or Libya. The reason? Every country around the globe wanted an intact Ethiopia with sea access as their anchor state in the Horn of Africa; an objective that would be precluded by the independence of Eritrea. It was only when it was EPLF tanks (and not any of the other liberation fronts) rolling into Addis Ababa, that both Western and Eastern powers realised that Eritrean independence was an inevitability. Now obviously they tried to keep Ethiopia intact. They even dangled the carrot in front of Eritreans and the EPLF.
“Why have just Eritrea? Why not the whole pie?”
Nevertheless it was futile. The Eritreans installed the TPLF into Arat Kilo in exchange for a UN referendum on independence. And with that she became independent. But the indication was that the Ethiopian prerogative would be one of a single market, currency and free access to Eritrean ports. Essentially “one people, two countries”. That seemed somewhat reasonable at the time. Economic co-operation based on mutual benefit. World powers assumed that the two countries governed by Tigrinya speakers would get along all chummy with Eritrea simply acting as an Ethiopian vassal-state. Not quite.
At first, Meles Zenawi tried to entice Eritrea back into Ethiopia via economic incentives. That didn’t pan out for numerous reasons that would take me too long to expand upon. As a result, relations would eventually be strained with the Ethiopians accusing Eritrea taking advantage of them economically. These tensions would reach an all time high when Eritrea introduced its own currency, the Nakfa.
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At the same time, there were numerous disputes regarding the borders between Eritrea and Ethiopia. Since Eritrea had previously operated as a mere province within Ethiopia, no measures of border demarcation were present. At first this didn’t seem like anything necessary. There was free movement between the two countries to live, work and trade. However the TPLF would release a map of Tigray that clearly incorporated territories that were within the bounds of Eritrea. Simultaneously, they would then intrude upon Eritrean territory by moving their military into the town of Adi Murug and dissolving the Eritrean administration in the area. Tigrayan militias would cross the border often and terrorise people living in the border towns and villages, often kidnapping and raping Eritrean women. The Eritrean government would try and resolve the issue of the border amicably. Multiple commissions were set up with meetings in Addis and in Tigray. However, the TPLF would keep stalling and meandering around the issue. The issue would reach a boiling point on the 7th May 1998 when 6 unarmed Eritrean officers were shot dead on their way to a border resolution meeting by Tigrayan militia members. The ultimatum ran out and Eritrea was forced to send the tanks in to liberate its territories and so began the Eritrean-Ethiopian war. Two years later with 19k and 123k dead Eritrean and Ethiopian troops respectively, both governments were forced to resolve the issue diplomatically via international arbitration. The majority of disputed territories were awarded to Eritrea via the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
This is where things become much more sinister. Ethiopia would then refuse to vacate the territories awarded to Eritrea and would occupy them until 2020 when they were liberated by Eritrea during the Tigray War. Instead, they decided to escalate and man the Eri-Ethio border with thousands of troops with the sole purpose of applying military pressure on Eritrea to renegotiate the border. Eritrea would then be forced to make conscription (which was originally mandated for an 18 month period) indefinite to fend off from a possible Ethiopian invasion. HGDEF would not budge on the border (and too right given the fact that 19k Eritreans were martyred defending it). The main issue here is that diplomatic ties between Eritrea and Ethiopia were completely severed. In a time period where American support was crucial for a developing nation to succeed, the Americans were forced to choose between two nations that were diametrically opposed to each other. And they chose the Ethiopians.
What would follow is over a decade of crippling financial sanctions, diplomatic isolation and militarism.
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https://www.blackagendareport.com/us-still-imposing-illegal-unilateral-economic-sanctions-eritrea
https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy0478
http://www.securitycouncilreport.or...E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9}/Somalia S RES 2023.pdf
Eritrea’s exclusion from the SWIFT global banking initiative has crippled its economy. It’s only recently that alternatives have arisen as China and Russia have began hedging transactions for Eritrea.
RE: Al Shabaab
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Alongside the Wikileaks above clearly showing Meles lobbying for the arms embargo.